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Science 22 October 1999:
Vol. 286. no. 5440, pp. 785 - 790
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5440.785
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Reports

Neuronal Activity-Dependent Cell Survival Mediated by Transcription Factor MEF2

Zixu Mao, 1* Azad Bonni, 1 Fen Xia, 2 Mireya Nadal-Vicens, 1 Michael E. Greenberg 1dagger

During mammalian development, electrical activity promotes the calcium-dependent survival of neurons that have made appropriate synaptic connections. However, the mechanisms by which calcium mediates neuronal survival during development are not well characterized. A transcription-dependent mechanism was identified by which calcium influx into neurons promoted cell survival. The transcription factor MEF2 was selectively expressed in newly generated postmitotic neurons and was required for the survival of these neurons. Calcium influx into cerebellar granule neurons led to activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEF2. Once activated, MEF2 regulated neuronal survival by stimulating MEF2-dependent gene transcription. These findings demonstrate that MEF2 is a calcium-regulated transcription factor and define a function for MEF2 during nervous system development that is distinct from previously well-characterized functions of MEF2 during muscle differentiation.

1 Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
*   Current address: The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Department of Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: greenberg{at}a1.tch.harvard.edu

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Science 294, 333-339
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An Essential Role for Rac/Cdc42 GTPases in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Survival.
D. A. Linseman, T. Laessig, M. K. Meintzer, M. McClure, H. Barth, K. Aktories, and K. A. Heidenreich (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39123-39131
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Calcium regulation of neuronal gene expression.
A. E. West, W. G. Chen, M. B. Dalva, R. E. Dolmetsch, J. M. Kornhauser, A. J. Shaywitz, M. A. Takasu, X. Tao, and M. E. Greenberg (2001)
PNAS 98, 11024-11031
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Identification of a Signal-Responsive Nuclear Export Sequence in Class II Histone Deacetylases.
T. A. McKinsey, C. L. Zhang, and E. N. Olson (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 6312-6321
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Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2A and 2D Undergo Phosphorylation and Caspase-Mediated Degradation during Apoptosis of Rat Cerebellar Granule Neurons.
M. Li, D. A. Linseman, M. P. Allen, M. K. Meintzer, X. Wang, T. Laessig, M. E. Wierman, and K. A. Heidenreich (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 6544-6552
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Neuronal CaV1.3{alpha}1 L-Type Channels Activate at Relatively Hyperpolarized Membrane Potentials and Are Incompletely Inhibited by Dihydropyridines.
W. Xu and D. Lipscombe (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 5944-5951
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14-3-3{{tau}} associates with and activates the MEF2D transcription factor during muscle cell differentiation.
S.-J. Choi, S.-Y. Park, and T.-H. Han (2001)
Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2836-2842
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Differential Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ERK1/2 and ERK5 by Neurotrophins, Neuronal Activity, and cAMP in Neurons.
J. E. Cavanaugh, J. Ham, M. Hetman, S. Poser, C. Yan, and Z. Xia (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 434-443
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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates Tumor Necrosis Factor-{{alpha}}-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Fetal Brown Adipocytes.
A. Valladares, A. M. Alvarez, J. J. Ventura, C. Roncero, M. Benito, and A. Porras (2000)
Endocrinology 141, 4383-4395
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Arsenite-Induced Apoptosis in Cortical Neurons Is Mediated by c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase 3 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
U. Namgung and Z. Xia (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 6442-6451
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Antiapoptotic role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-myocyte enhancer factor 2 transcription factor pathway during neuronal differentiation.
S.-i. Okamoto, D. Krainc, K. Sherman, and S. A. Lipton (2000)
PNAS
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A Protein Encoded within the Down Syndrome Critical Region Is Enriched in Striated Muscles and Inhibits Calcineurin Signaling.
B. Rothermel, R. B. Vega, J. Yang, H. Wu, R. Bassel-Duby, and R. S. Williams (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 8719-8725
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Calcium Regulates Transcriptional Repression of Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 by Histone Deacetylase 4.
H.-D. Youn, C. M. Grozinger, and J. O. Liu (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 22563-22567
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Myocyte Enhancer Factors-2B and -2C Are Required for Adhesion Related Kinase Repression of Neuronal Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Gene Expression.
M. P. Allen, M. Xu, C. Zeng, S. A. Tobet, and M. E. Wierman (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39662-39670
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Calcium, Calcineurin, and the Control of Transcription.
G. R. Crabtree (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2313-2316
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Defining Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase Cascades in Transcriptional Regulation.
E. E. Corcoran and A. R. Means (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2975-2978
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Antiapoptotic role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-myocyte enhancer factor 2 transcription factor pathway during neuronal differentiation.
S.-i. Okamoto, D. Krainc, K. Sherman, and S. A. Lipton (2000)
PNAS 97, 7561-7566
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Regulation of GLUT4 biogenesis in muscle: evidence for involvement of AMPK and Ca2+.
E. O. Ojuka, T. E. Jones, L. A. Nolte, M. Chen, B. R. Wamhoff, M. Sturek, and J. O. Holloszy (2002)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282, E1008-E1013
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