Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 15 October 1999:
Vol. 286. no. 5439, pp. 487 - 491
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5439.487
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Review

Pharmacogenomics: Translating Functional Genomics into Rational Therapeutics

William E. Evans, * Mary V. Relling

Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and other drug targets have been linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of many medications. Pharmacogenomic studies are rapidly elucidating the inherited nature of these differences in drug disposition and effects, thereby enhancing drug discovery and providing a stronger scientific basis for optimizing drug therapy on the basis of each patient's genetic constitution.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA, and Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: william.evans{at}stjude.org

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Identification of New CYP2C19 Variants Exhibiting Decreased Enzyme Activity in the Metabolism of S-Mephenytoin and Omeprazole.
S.-J. Lee, W.-Y. Kim, H. Kim, J.-H. Shon, S. S. Lee, and J.-G. Shin (2009)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 37, 2262-2269
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Can rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to methotrexate and biologics be predicted?.
C. Bansard, T. Lequerre, M. Daveau, O. Boyer, F. Tron, J.-P. Salier, O. Vittecoq, and X. Le-Loet (2009)
Rheumatology 48, 1021-1028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism.
T. A. Clayton, D. Baker, J. C. Lindon, J. R. Everett, and J. K. Nicholson (2009)
PNAS 106, 14728-14733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
LS-SNP/PDB: annotated non-synonymous SNPs mapped to Protein Data Bank structures.
M. Ryan, M. Diekhans, S. Lien, Y. Liu, and R. Karchin (2009)
Bioinformatics 25, 1431-1432
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Debating Reality and Relevance.
T. Duster (2009)
Science 324, 1144-1145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics of complement factor H (Y402H) and treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab.
A Y Lee, A K Raya, S M Kymes, A Shiels, and M A Brantley Jr (2009)
Br J Ophthalmol 93, 610-613
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Utilizing the Molecular Gateway: The Path to Personalized Cancer Management.
J. B. Overdevest, D. Theodorescu, and J. K. Lee (2009)
Clin. Chem. 55, 684-697
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Nrf2 Activation in Livers from Keap1-Knockdown Mice Increases Expression of Cytoprotective Genes that Detoxify Electrophiles more than those that Detoxify Reactive Oxygen Species.
S. A. Reisman, R. L. Yeager, M. Yamamoto, and C. D. Klaassen (2009)
Toxicol. Sci. 108, 35-47
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Variations in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR Pathway Are Associated With Clinical Outcomes in Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated With Chemoradiotherapy.
M. A.T. Hildebrandt, H. Yang, M.-C. Hung, J. G. Izzo, M. Huang, J. Lin, J. A. Ajani, and X. Wu (2009)
J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 857-871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Effects of Desvenlafaxine and Paroxetine on the Pharmacokinetics of the Cytochrome P450 2D6 Substrate Desipramine in Healthy Adults.
A. I. Nichols, P. Fatato, M. Shenouda, J. Paul, J. A. Isler, R. D. Pedersen, Q. Jiang, S. Ahmed, and A. Patroneva (2009)
J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49, 219-228
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase I, Pharmacokinetic and Biological Correlative Study of OSI-7904L, a Novel Liposomal Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor, and Cisplatin in Patients with Solid Tumors.
A. D. Ricart, J. D. Berlin, K. P. Papadopoulos, S. Syed, D. W. Drolet, C. Quaratino-Baker, J. Horan, J. Chick, W. Vermeulen, A. W. Tolcher, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 7947-7955
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Inhibition of Cytochromes P450 3A4 and 3A5 by the Newly Synthesized Coumarin Derivatives 7-Coumarin Propargyl Ether and 7-(4-Trifluoromethyl)coumarin Propargyl Ether.
C. Sridar, U. M. Kent, K. Noon, A. McCall, B. Alworth, M. Foroozesh, and P. F. Hollenberg (2008)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 36, 2234-2243
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective Activity of Recombinant Cytochromes P450 3A4.2 and 3A4.16 in Oxidation of Midazolam, Nifedipine, and Testosterone.
M. Miyazaki, K. Nakamura, Y. Fujita, F. P. Guengerich, R. Horiuchi, and K. Yamamoto (2008)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 36, 2287-2291
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Contributions of Cytochromes P450 3A4 and 3A5 to the Metabolism of the Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Sildenafil, Udenafil, and Vardenafil.
H.-Y. Ku, H.-J. Ahn, K.-A. Seo, H. Kim, M. Oh, S. K. Bae, J.-G. Shin, J.-H. Shon, and K.-H. Liu (2008)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 36, 986-990
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Variation in Bleomycin Hydrolase Gene Is Associated With Reduced Survival After Chemotherapy for Testicular Germ Cell Cancer.
E. C. de Haas, N. Zwart, C. Meijer, J. Nuver, H. M. Boezen, A. J.H. Suurmeijer, H. J. Hoekstra, G. van der Steege, D. Th. Sleijfer, and J. A. Gietema (2008)
J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 1817-1823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Correlation of CDA, ERCC1, and XPD Polymorphisms with Response and Survival in Gemcitabine/Cisplatin-Treated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.
C. Tibaldi, E. Giovannetti, E. Vasile, V. Mey, A. C. Laan, S. Nannizzi, R. Di Marsico, A. Antonuzzo, C. Orlandini, S. Ricciardi, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 1797-1803
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolism of the Trisubstituted Purine Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Seliciclib (R-Roscovitine) in Vitro and in Vivo.
S. J. McClue and I. Stuart (2008)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 36, 561-570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetics of P450 oxidoreductase: Sequence variation in 842 individuals of four ethnicities and activities of 15 missense mutations.
N. Huang, V. Agrawal, K. M. Giacomini, and W. L. Miller (2008)
PNAS 105, 1733-1738
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression and Functionality of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Anticancer Drug Uptake Transporters in Immune Cells.
G. Minuesa, S. Purcet, I. Erkizia, M. Molina-Arcas, M. Bofill, N. Izquierdo-Useros, F. J. Casado, B. Clotet, M. Pastor-Anglada, and J. Martinez-Picado (2008)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324, 558-567
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) and UGT2B17 Enzymes Are Major Determinants of the Androgen Response in Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells.
S. Chouinard, O. Barbier, and A. Belanger (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 33466-33474
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics of the Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System: Review of Current Knowledge and Clinical Significance.
Amal Al Omari and D. J. Murry (2007)
Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, 206-218
   Abstract »    PDF »
Comparative Cytochrome P450 Proteomics in the Livers of Immunodeficient Mice Using 18O Stable Isotope Labeling.
C. S. Lane, Y. Wang, R. Betts, W. J. Griffiths, and L. H. Patterson (2007)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6, 953-962
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ancestry and pharmacogenetics of antileukemic drug toxicity.
S. Kishi, C. Cheng, D. French, D. Pei, S. Das, E. H. Cook, N. Hijiya, C. Rizzari, G. L. Rosner, T. Frudakis, et al. (2007)
Blood 109, 4151-4157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Sequential Steps Involved in the Binding of Inhibitors to Cytochrome P450 3A4.
E. M. Isin and F. P. Guengerich (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 6863-6874
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thiopurines, DNA damage, DNA repair and therapy-related cancer.
P. Karran (2007)
Br. Med. Bull.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identifying drugs needing pharmacogenetic monitoring in a Korean hospital.
Y. M. Kim, S. H. Yoo, R. Y. Kang, M. J. Kim, Y. Y. Bae, Y. K. Lee, S. J. Jeon, K. J. Chon, S. M. Shin, S. G. Kim, et al. (2007)
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 64, 166-175
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Polymorphic CYP3A5 Genotype on the Single-Dose Simvastatin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Subjects.
K.-A. Kim, P.-W. Park, O.-J. Lee, D.-K. Kang, and J.-Y. Park (2007)
J. Clin. Pharmacol. 47, 87-93
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Multiplex Genotyping of CYP2B6 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms.
J. K. Blievernicht, E. Schaeffeler, K. Klein, M. Eichelbaum, M. Schwab, and U. M. Zanger (2007)
Clin. Chem. 53, 24-33
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effective Strategies for Tumors Affecting Chemopreventive Metabolism.
J. T.M. Buters (2006)
Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 7203-7204
   Full Text »    PDF »
Adverse Drug Reaction to Methotrexate: Pharmacogenetic Origin.
P. R. Przekop Jr, H. Tulgan, A. A. Przekop, and M. Glantz (2006)
J Am Osteopath Assoc 106, 706-707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenomics: Challenges and Opportunities..
D. M. Roden, R. B. Altman, N. L. Benowitz, D. A. Flockhart, K. M. Giacomini, J. A. Johnson, R. M. Krauss, H. L. McLeod, M. J. Ratain, M. V. Relling, et al. (2006)
Ann Intern Med 145, 749-757
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asparagine synthetase as a causal, predictive biomarker for L-asparaginase activity in ovarian cancer cells.
P. L. Lorenzi, W. C. Reinhold, M. Rudelius, M. Gunsior, U. Shankavaram, K. J. Bussey, U. Scherf, G. S. Eichler, S. E. Martin, K. Chin, et al. (2006)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 2613-2623
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics as Alien Science: Alzheimer's Disease, Core Sets and Expectations.
A. Hedgecoe (2006)
Social Studies of Science 36, 723-752
   Abstract »    PDF »
Minimizing Polymorphic Metabolism in Drug Discovery: Evaluation of the Utility of in Vitro Methods for Predicting Pharmacokinetic Consequences Associated with CYP2D6 Metabolism.
J. P. Gibbs, R. Hyland, and K. Youdim (2006)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 1516-1522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On-line Formation, Separation, and Estrogen Receptor Affinity Screening of Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators.
S. M. van Liempd, J. Kool, W. M. A. Niessen, D. E. van Elswijk, H. Irth, and N. P. E. Vermeulen (2006)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 1640-1649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Variations in Radiation and Chemotherapy Drug Action Pathways Predict Clinical Outcomes in Esophageal Cancer.
X. Wu, J. Gu, T.-T. Wu, S. G. Swisher, Z. Liao, A. M. Correa, J. Liu, C. J. Etzel, C. I. Amos, M. Huang, et al. (2006)
J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 3789-3798
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic polymorphisms provide prognostic information in intermediate-risk acute myeloblastic leukemia.
M. Monzo, S. Brunet, A. Urbano-Ispizua, A. Navarro, G. Perea, J. Esteve, R. Artells, M. Granell, J. Berlanga, J. M. Ribera, et al. (2006)
Blood 107, 4871-4879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Racialized Futures: Biologism and the Changing Politics of Identity.
D. Skinner (2006)
Social Studies of Science 36, 459-488
   Abstract »    PDF »
IN SILICO AND IN VITRO SCREENING FOR INHIBITION OF CYTOCHROME P450 CYP3A4 BY COMEDICATIONS COMMONLY USED BY PATIENTS WITH CANCER.
J.-D. Marechal, J. Yu, S. Brown, I. Kapelioukh, E. M. Rankin, C. R. Wolf, G. C. K. Roberts, Mark. J. I. Paine, and M. J. Sutcliffe (2006)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 534-538
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discordance Between Availability of Pharmacogenetics Studies and Pharmacogenetics-Based Prescribing Information for the Top 200 Drugs.
I. Zineh, G. D Pebanco, C. L Aquilante, T. Gerhard, A. L Beitelshees, B. N. Beasley, and A. G Hartzema (2006)
Ann. Pharmacother. 40, 639-644
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The human organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3; SLC22A8): genetic variation and functional genomics.
A. R. Erdman, L. M. Mangravite, T. J. Urban, L. L. Lagpacan, R. A. Castro, M. de la Cruz, W. Chan, C. C. Huang, S. J. Johns, M. Kawamoto, et al. (2006)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290, F905-F912
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives in adolescent women with epilepsy.
M. L. Zupanc (2006)
Neurology 66, S37-S45
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Irinotecan Inactivation Is Modulated by Epigenetic Silencing of UGT1A1 in Colon Cancer.
J.-F. Gagnon, O. Bernard, L. Villeneuve, B. Tetu, and C. Guillemette (2006)
Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 1850-1858
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics: a scientific wonderland.
K. Blum, T. J.H. Chen, S. H. Blum, B. W. Downs, E. R. Braverman, J. F. Mengucci, and B. Meshkin (2006)
Social Science Information 45, 35-52
   Abstract »    PDF »
Prediction of individual response to platinum/paclitaxel combination using novel marker genes in ovarian cancers..
M. Komatsu, K. Hiyama, K. Tanimoto, M. Yunokawa, K. Otani, M. Ohtaki, E. Hiyama, J. Kigawa, M. Ohwada, M. Suzuki, et al. (2006)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 767-775
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumour matrilysin expression predicts metastatic potential of stage I (pT1) colon and rectal cancers.
S Kurokawa, Y Arimura, H Yamamoto, Y Adachi, T Endo, T Sato, T Suga, M Hosokawa, Y Shinomura, and K Imai (2005)
Gut 54, 1751-1758
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ALTERED AZT (3'-AZIDO-3'-DEOXYTHYMIDINE) GLUCURONIDATION KINETICS IN LIVER MICROSOMES AS AN EXPLANATION FOR UNDERPREDICTION OF IN VIVO CLEARANCE: COMPARISON TO HEPATOCYTES AND EFFECT OF INCUBATION ENVIRONMENT.
J. J. Engtrakul, R. S. Foti, T. J. Strelevitz, and M. B. Fisher (2005)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 33, 1621-1627
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenomic Discovery Approaches: Will the Real Genes Please Stand Up?.
R. A. Walgren, M. A. Meucci, and H. L. McLeod (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 7342-7349
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic modification and variations in solvent increase the sensitivity of the yeast RAD54-GFP genotoxicity assay.
L. Walsh, P.W. Hastwell, P.O. Keenan, A.W. Knight, N. Billinton, and R.M. Walmsley (2005)
Mutagenesis 20, 317-327
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics of drug-metabolizing enzymes: implications for a safer and more effective drug therapy.
M. Ingelman-Sundberg and C. Rodriguez-Antona (2005)
Phil Trans R Soc B 360, 1563-1570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Female-specific aspects in the pharmacotherapy of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
N. Jochmann, K. Stangl, E. Garbe, G. Baumann, and V. Stangl (2005)
Eur. Heart J. 26, 1585-1595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine Dependence.
W. H. Berrettini and C. E. Lerman (2005)
Am J Psychiatry 162, 1441-1451
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ARSENITE DECREASES CYP3A4 AND RXR{alpha} IN PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES.
T. L. Noreault, V. E. Kostrubsky, S. G. Wood, R. C. Nichols, S. C. Strom, H. W. Trask, S. A. Wrighton, R. M. Evans, J. M. Jacobs, P. R. Sinclair, et al. (2005)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 33, 993-1003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potential Role for Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 in Estradiol Homeostasis.
A.-M. Yu, K. Fukamachi, K. W. Krausz, C. Cheung, and F. J. Gonzalez (2005)
Endocrinology 146, 2911-2919
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Theoretical Basis for the Identification of Allelic Variants That Encode Drug Efficacy and Toxicity.
M. Lin and R. Wu (2005)
Genetics 170, 919-928
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Irinotecan pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic alterations induced by methylselenocysteine in human head and neck xenograft tumors.
R. G. Azrak, J. Yu, L. Pendyala, P. F. Smith, S. Cao, X. Li, W. D. Shannon, F. A. Durrani, H. L. McLeod, and Y. M. Rustum (2005)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 843-854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombinant CYP3A4*17 Is Defective in Metabolizing the Hypertensive Drug Nifedipine, and the CYP3A4*17 Allele May Occur on the Same Chromosome as CYP3A5*3, Representing a New Putative Defective CYP3A Haplotype.
S.-J. Lee, D. A. Bell, S. J. Coulter, B. Ghanayem, and J. A. Goldstein (2005)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313, 302-309
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Statistical Approach to Scanning the Biomedical Literature for Pharmacogenetics Knowledge.
D. L. Rubin, C. F. Thorn, T. E. Klein, and R. B. Altman (2005)
J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 12, 121-129
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Function by Cytochrome P450: Evidence for the Alteration of UGT2B7-Catalyzed Glucuronidation of Morphine by CYP3A4.
S. Takeda, Y. Ishii, M. Iwanaga, P. I. Mackenzie, K. Nagata, Y. Yamazoe, K. Oguri, and H. Yamada (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 665-672
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping in Cancer Treatment.
E. C. Dees and P. B. Watkins (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 1053-1055
   Full Text »    PDF »
Moving toward whole-genome analysis: A technology perspective.
T. Kreiner and K. T. Buck (2005)
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 62, 296-305
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Blood Gene Expression Profiling of Neurologic Diseases: A Pilot Microarray Study.
Y. Tang, D. L. Gilbert, T. A. Glauser, A. D. Hershey, and F. R. Sharp (2005)
Arch Neurol 62, 210-215
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treating Tobacco Dependence: State of the Science and New Directions.
C. Lerman, F. Patterson, and W. Berrettini (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 311-323
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene.
A. Caspi, K. Sugden, T. E. Moffitt, A. Taylor, I. W. Craig, H. Harrington, J. McClay, J. Mill, J. Martin, A. Braithwaite, et al. (2005)
Focus 3, 156-160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF ABCG2 (BCRP) GENE POLYMORPHISMS TO PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN HUMAN PLACENTA.
D. Kobayashi, I. Ieiri, T. Hirota, H. Takane, S. Maegawa, J. Kigawa, H. Suzuki, E. Nanba, M. Oshimura, N. Terakawa, et al. (2005)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 33, 94-101
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hepatic Expression of the UGT1A9 Gene Is Governed by Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4{alpha}.
O. Barbier, H. Girard, Y. Inoue, H. Duez, L. Villeneuve, A. Kamiya, J.-C. Fruchart, C. Guillemette, F. J. Gonzalez, and B. Staels (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 241-249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Allelic expression imbalance of the human CYP3A4 gene and individual phenotypic status.
T. Hirota, I. Ieiri, H. Takane, S. Maegawa, M. Hosokawa, K. Kobayashi, K. Chiba, E. Nanba, M. Oshimura, T. Sato, et al. (2004)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, 2959-2969
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Estrogen Regulation of the Cytochrome P450 3A Subfamily in Humans.
E. T. Williams, M. Leyk, S. A. Wrighton, P. J. A. Davies, D. S. Loose, G. L. Shipley, and H. W. Strobel (2004)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311, 728-735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacologic Perspectives for Once-Daily Antiretroviral Therapy.
P. L Anderson (2004)
Ann. Pharmacother. 38, 1924-1934
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differences in Drug Pharmacokinetics Between East Asians and Caucasians and the Role of Genetic Polymorphisms.
K. Kim, J. A. Johnson, and H. Derendorf (2004)
J. Clin. Pharmacol. 44, 1083-1105
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Induction of Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) in the Human Liver and Intestine Is Mediated by the Xenobiotic Sensors Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and Constitutively Activated Receptor (CAR).
O. Burk, I. Koch, J. Raucy, E. Hustert, M. Eichelbaum, J. Brockmoller, U. M. Zanger, and L. Wojnowski (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38379-38385
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Principles of pharmacogenetics--implications for the anaesthetist.
G. Iohom, D. Fitzgerald, and A. J. Cunningham (2004)
Br. J. Anaesth. 93, 440-450
   Full Text »    PDF »
Gene-Expression Patterns in Drug-Resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells and Response to Treatment.
A. Holleman, M. H. Cheok, M. L. den Boer, W. Yang, A. J.P. Veerman, K. M. Kazemier, D. Pei, C. Cheng, C.-H. Pui, M. V. Relling, et al. (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 533-542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GLUCURONIDATION OF THE OXIDATIVE CYTOCHROME P450-MEDIATED PHENOLIC METABOLITES OF THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR PESTICIDE: METHOXYCHLOR BY HUMAN HEPATIC UDP-GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASES.
E. Hazai, P. V. Gagne, and D. Kupfer (2004)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 32, 742-751
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics and Individual Variation in the Range of Amino Acid Adequacy: The Biological Aspects.
J. Caldwell (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 1600S-1604S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacokinetics of Rifapentine at 600, 900, and 1,200 mg during Once-Weekly Tuberculosis Therapy.
M. Weiner, N. Bock, C. A. Peloquin, W. J. Burman, A. Khan, A. Vernon, Z. Zhao, S. Weis, T. R. Sterling, K. Hayden, et al. (2004)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169, 1191-1197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Survival in Primary Malignant Glioma.
M. F. Okcu, M. Selvan, L.-E Wang, L. Stout, R. Erana, G. Airewele, P. Adatto, K. Hess, F. Ali-Osman, M. Groves, et al. (2004)
Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 2618-2625
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glutathione-S-Transferase Variants and Adult Glioma.
M. Wrensch, K. T. Kelsey, M. Liu, R. Miike, M. Moghadassi, K. Aldape, A. McMillan, and J. K. Wiencke (2004)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13, 461-467
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Glucuronidation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis.
M. A. Wallig (2004)
Toxicol. Sci. 78, 1-2
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum Pyrimethamine Resistance by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.
F. Marks, C. G. Meyer, J. Sievertsen, C. Timmann, J. Evans, R. D. Horstmann, and J. May (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 466-472
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ORAL ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS.
L. A. Torpet, C. Kragelund, J. Reibel, and B. Nauntofte (2004)
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 15, 28-46
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics.
D. M. Roden (2003)
Circulation 108, 3071-3074
   Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic polymorphism at the 5' regulatory region of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and its association with interindividual variation of expression level in the colon.
S. Taniguchi, Y. Mochida, T. Uchiumi, T. Tahira, K. Hayashi, K. Takagi, M. Shimada, Y. Maehara, H. Kuwano, S. Kono, et al. (2003)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 2, 1351-1359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A mouse-based strategy for cyclophosphamide pharmacogenomic discovery.
J. W. Watters, E. F. Kloss, D. C. Link, T. A. Graubert, and H. L. McLeod (2003)
J Appl Physiol 95, 1352-1360
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Terminology and the Construction of Scientific Disciplines: The Case of Pharmacogenomics.
A. M. Hedgecoe (2003)
Science Technology Human Values 28, 513-537
   Abstract »    PDF »
Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene.
A. Caspi, K. Sugden, T. E. Moffitt, A. Taylor, I. W. Craig, H. Harrington, J. McClay, J. Mill, J. Martin, A. Braithwaite, et al. (2003)
Science 301, 386-389
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of the Multidrug Resistance-1 Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with the Tacrolimus Dose Requirements in Renal Transplant Recipients.
D. Anglicheau, C. Verstuyft, P. Laurent-Puig, L. Becquemont, M.-H. Schlageter, B. Cassinat, P. Beaune, C. Legendre, and E. Thervet (2003)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 1889-1896
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Variants Affecting Bioavailability of Drugs: Towards Individualized Immunosuppressive Therapy?.
B. Schroppel and B. Murphy (2003)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 1955-1957
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cytochromes P450, Drugs, and Diseases.
F. P. Guengerich (2003)
Mol. Interv. 3, 194-204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Drugs Don't Work: Expectations and the Shaping of Pharmacogenetics.
A. Hedgecoe and P. Martin (2003)
Social Studies of Science 33, 327-364
   Abstract »    PDF »
Evolutionary conservation predicts function of variants of the human organic cation transporter, OCT1.
Y. Shu, M. K. Leabman, B. Feng, L. M. Mangravite, C. C. Huang, D. Stryke, M. Kawamoto, S. J. Johns, J. DeYoung, E. Carlson, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 5902-5907
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glucuronidation Activity of the UGT2B17 Enzyme toward Xenobiotics.
D. Turgeon, J.-S. Carrier, S. Chouinard, and A. Belanger (2003)
Drug Metab. Dispos. 31, 670-676
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenomics: marshalling the human genome to individualise drug therapy.
W E Evans (2003)
Gut 52, ii10-18
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Microarrays and clinical dentistry.
W. P. KUO, M. E. WHIPPLE, T.-K. JENSSEN, R. TODD, J. B. EPSTEIN, L. OHNO-MACHADO, S. T. SONIS, and P. J. PARK (2003)
J Am Dent Assoc 134, 456-462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics in Drug Development and Regulatory Decision Making: Report of the First FDA-PWG-PhRMA-DruSafe Workshop.
L. J. Lesko, R. A. Salerno, B. B. Spear, D. C. Anderson, T. Anderson, C. Brazell, J. Collins, A. Dorner, D. Essayan, B. Gomez-Mancilla, et al. (2003)
J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43, 342-358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel functions of the phosphatidylinositol metabolic pathway discovered by a chemical genomics screen with wortmannin.
A. Zewail, M. W. Xie, Y. Xing, L. Lin, P. F. Zhang, W. Zou, J. P. Saxe, and J. Huang (2003)
PNAS 100, 3345-3350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics: Current Status, Future Prospects.
J. L. Anderson, J. F. Carlquist, B. D. Home, and J. B. Muhlestein (2003)
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8, 71-83
   Abstract »    PDF »
Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Drug Sensitivity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
R. Danesi, F. De Braud, S. Fogli, T. M. De Pas, A. Di Paolo, G. Curigliano, and M. Del Tacca (2003)
Pharmacol. Rev. 55, 57-103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)