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Science 8 October 1999:
Vol. 286. no. 5438, pp. 287 - 290
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5438.287
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Reports

X-ray Crystallographic Structure of the Norwalk Virus Capsid

B. V. V. Prasad, 1* Michele E. Hardy, 2dagger Terje Dokland, 3ddagger Jordi Bella, 3 Michael G. Rossmann, 3 Mary K. Estes 2

Norwalk virus, a noncultivatable human calicivirus, is the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. The first x-ray structure of a calicivirus capsid, which consists of 180 copies of a single protein, has been determined by phase extension from a low-resolution electron microscopy structure. The capsid protein has a protruding (P) domain connected by a flexible hinge to a shell (S) domain that has a classical eight-stranded beta -sandwich motif. The structure of the P domain is unlike that of any other viral protein with a subdomain exhibiting a fold similar to that of the second domain in the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-Tu. This subdomain, located at the exterior of the capsid, has the largest sequence variation among Norwalk-like human caliciviruses and is likely to contain the determinants of strain specificity and cell binding.

1 Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry,
2 Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
3 Department of Life Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vprasad{at}bcm.tmc.edu

dagger    Present address: Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.

ddagger    Present address: Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.

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J. Virol. 77, 13117-13124
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M. Tan, P. Huang, J. Meller, W. Zhong, T. Farkas, and X. Jiang (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 12562-12571
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The 3' End of Norwalk Virus mRNA Contains Determinants That Regulate the Expression and Stability of the Viral Capsid Protein VP1: a Novel Function for the VP2 Protein.
A. Bertolotti-Ciarlet, S. E. Crawford, A. M. Hutson, and M. K. Estes (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 11603-11615
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Identification of a calicivirus isolate of unknown origin.
A. Oehmig, M. Buttner, F. Weiland, W. Werz, K. Bergemann, and E. Pfaff (2003)
J. Gen. Virol. 84, 2837-2845
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Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays for Detection of Bovine Enteric Caliciviruses (BEC) and Analysis of the Genetic Relationships among BEC and Human Caliciviruses.
J. R. Smiley, A. E. Hoet, M. Traven, H. Tsunemitsu, and L. J. Saif (2003)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 3089-3099
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two Nonoverlapping Domains on the Norwalk Virus Open Reading Frame 3 (ORF3) Protein Are Involved in the Formation of the Phosphorylated 35K Protein and in ORF3-Capsid Protein Interactions.
P. J. Glass, C. Q. Zeng, and M. K. Estes (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 3569-3577
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Molecular Characterization of Bovine Enteric Caliciviruses: a Distinct Third Genogroup of Noroviruses (Norwalk-Like Viruses) Unlikely To Be of Risk to Humans.
S. L. Oliver, A. M. Dastjerdi, S. Wong, L. El-Attar, C. Gallimore, D. W. G. Brown, J. Green, and J. C. Bridger (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2789-2798
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Norwalk Virus-Like Particle Hemagglutination by Binding to H Histo-Blood Group Antigens.
A. M. Hutson, R. L. Atmar, D. M. Marcus, and M. K. Estes (2002)
J. Virol. 77, 405-415
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Identification of Active-Site Amino Acid Residues in the Chiba Virus 3C-Like Protease.
Y. Someya, N. Takeda, and T. Miyamura (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 5949-5958
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Virus-Like Particles of a Fish Nodavirus Display a Capsid Subunit Domain Organization Different from That of Insect Nodaviruses.
L. Tang, C.-S. Lin, N. K. Krishna, M. Yeager, A. Schneemann, and J. E. Johnson (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 6370-6375
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Requirements for the Assembly of Norwalk Virus-Like Particles.
A. Bertolotti-Ciarlet, L. J. White, R. Chen, B. V. V. Prasad, and M. K. Estes (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 4044-4055
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression and Self-Assembly of Norwalk Virus Capsid Protein from Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicons.
R. S. Baric, B. Yount, L. Lindesmith, P. R. Harrington, S. R. Greene, F.-C. Tseng, N. Davis, R. E. Johnston, D. G. Klapper, and C. L. Moe (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 3023-3030
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Systemic, Mucosal, and Heterotypic Immune Induction in Mice Inoculated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Replicons Expressing Norwalk Virus-Like Particles.
P. R. Harrington, B. Yount, R. E. Johnston, N. Davis, C. Moe, and R. S. Baric (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 730-742
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Capsid Genes, Expressed in the Baculovirus System, of Three New Genetically Distinct Strains of ""Norwalk-Like Viruses"".
G. Belliot, J. S. Noel, J.-F. Li, Y. Seto, C. D. Humphrey, T. Ando, R. I. Glass, and S. S. Monroe (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 4288-4295
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombinant Norwalk Virus-Like Particles Administered Intranasally to Mice Induce Systemic and Mucosal (Fecal and Vaginal) Immune Responses.
R. A. Guerrero, J. M. Ball, S. S. Krater, S. E. Pacheco, J. D. Clements, and M. K. Estes (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 9713-9722
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of conformational neutralizing epitopes on the capsid protein of canine calicivirus.
Y. Matsuura, Y. Tohya, M. Mochizuki, K. Takase, and T. Sugimura (2001)
J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1695-1702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Machines: Putting the Pieces Together.
E. Nogales and N. Grigorieff (2001)
J. Cell Biol. 152, F1-F10
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diagnosis of Noncultivatable Gastroenteritis Viruses, the Human Caliciviruses.
R. L. Atmar and M. K. Estes (2001)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14, 15-37
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction of Recombinant Norwalk Virus Particles with the 105-Kilodalton Cellular Binding Protein, a Candidate Receptor Molecule for Virus Attachment.
M. Tamura, K. Natori, M. Kobayashi, T. Miyamura, and N. Takeda (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 11589-11597
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Antigenicity of Seto Virus Belonging to Genogroup I Norwalk-Like Viruses.
S. Kobayashi, K. Sakae, Y. Suzuki, K. Shinozaki, M. Okada, H. Ishiko, K. Kamata, K. Suzuki, K. Natori, T. Miyamura, et al. (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3492-3494
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2 encodes a major capsid protein.
P. Nawagitgul, I. Morozov, S. R. Bolin, P. A. Harms, S. D. Sorden, and P. S. Paul (2000)
J. Gen. Virol. 81, 2281-2287
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Norwalk Virus Open Reading Frame 3 Encodes a Minor Structural Protein.
P. J. Glass, L. J. White, J. M. Ball, I. Leparc-Goffart, M. E. Hardy, and M. K. Estes (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 6581-6591
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Identification of an Epitope Common to Genogroup 1 "Norwalk-Like Viruses".
A. D. Hale, T. N. Tanaka, N. Kitamoto, M. Ciarlet, X. Jiang, N. Takeda, D. W. G. Brown, and M. K. Estes (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1656-1660
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