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Science 30 July 1999:
Vol. 285. no. 5428, pp. 732 - 736
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5428.732
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Reports

Host Defense Mechanisms Triggered by Microbial Lipoproteins Through Toll-Like Receptors

Hans D. Brightbill, 1* Daniel H. Libraty, 4* Stephan R. Krutzik, 1 Ruey-Bing Yang, 6 John T. Belisle, 7 Joshua R. Bleharski, 1 Michael Maitland, 8 Michael V. Norgard, 9 Scott E. Plevy, 10 Stephen T. Smale, 125 Patrick J. Brennan, 7 Barry R. Bloom, 811 Paul J. Godowski, 6 Robert L. Modlin 123dagger

The generation of cell-mediated immunity against many infectious pathogens involves the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key signal of the innate immune system. Yet, for many pathogens, the molecules that induce IL-12 production by macrophages and the mechanisms by which they do so remain undefined. Here it is shown that microbial lipoproteins are potent stimulators of IL-12 production by human macrophages, and that induction is mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several lipoproteins stimulated TLR-dependent transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide, a powerful microbicidal pathway. Activation of TLRs by microbial lipoproteins may initiate innate defense mechanisms against infectious pathogens.

1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the
2 Molecular Biology Institute, Divisions of
3 Dermatology and
4 Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine,
5 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
6 Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
7 Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
8 Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
9 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
10 Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
11 Office of the Dean, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this work.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rmodlin{at}mednet.ucla.edu

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R. E. LaFond and S. A. Lukehart (2006)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 29-49
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lipoprotein computational prediction in spirochaetal genomes.
J. C. Setubal, M. Reis, J. Matsunaga, and D. A. Haake (2006)
Microbiology 152, 113-121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antimicrobial peptides enhance the candidacidal activity of antifungal drugs by promoting the efflux of ATP from Candida cells.
T. Tanida, T. Okamoto, E. Ueta, T. Yamamoto, and T. Osaki (2006)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57, 94-103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are differentially involved in Fas dependent apoptosis in Peyer's patch and the liver at an early stage after bile duct ligation in mice.
A Ogawa, T Tagawa, H Nishimura, T Yajima, T Abe, T Arai, M Taniguchi, K Takeda, S Akira, Y Nimura, et al. (2006)
Gut 55, 105-113
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Domain Exchange between Human Toll-like Receptors 1 and 6 Reveals a Region Required for Lipopeptide Discrimination.
K. O. Omueti, J. M. Beyer, C. M. Johnson, E. A. Lyle, and R. I. Tapping (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 36616-36625
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Airway Epithelial Cells Sense Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection via Recognition of Flagellin by Toll-Like Receptor 5.
Z. Zhang, J.-P. Louboutin, D. J. Weiner, J. B. Goldberg, and J. M. Wilson (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 7151-7160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Silencing Toll-like Receptor-9 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis.
X. Huang, R. P. Barrett, S. A. McClellan, and L. D. Hazlett (2005)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 4209-4216
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Antibody Response to Outer Membrane Protein G1a, a Lipoprotein of Moraxella catarrhalis.
D. G. Adlowitz, S. Sethi, P. Cullen, B. Adler, and T. F. Murphy (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 6601-6607
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Deletion or Overexpression of the 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Rv3763 on the Innate Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
G. R. Stewart, K. A. Wilkinson, S. M. Newton, S. M. Sullivan, O. Neyrolles, J. R. Wain, J. Patel, K.-L. Pool, D. B. Young, and R. J. Wilkinson (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 6831-6837
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of NK Cell-Activating Receptors and Their Ligands in the Lysis of Mononuclear Phagocytes Infected with an Intracellular Bacterium.
R. Vankayalapati, A. Garg, A. Porgador, D. E. Griffith, P. Klucar, H. Safi, W. M. Girard, D. Cosman, T. Spies, and P. F. Barnes (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 4611-4617
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Dipalmitoylated Lipoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae Activates NF-{kappa}B through TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6.
T. Shimizu, Y. Kida, and K. Kuwano (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 4641-4646
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bovine NK Cells Can Produce Gamma Interferon in Response to the Secreted Mycobacterial Proteins ESAT-6 and MPP14 but Not in Response to MPB70.
I. Olsen, P. Boysen, S. Kulberg, J. C. Hope, G. Jungersen, and A. K. Storset (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 5628-5635
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterozygous Arg753Gln Polymorphism of Human TLR-2 Impairs Immune Activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and Protects from Late Stage Lyme Disease.
N. W. J. Schroder, I. Diterich, A. Zinke, J. Eckert, C. Draing, V. v. Baehr, D. Hassler, S. Priem, K. Hahn, K. S. Michelsen, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 2534-2540
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Export-Mediated Assembly of Mycobacterial Glycoproteins Parallels Eukaryotic Pathways.
B. C. VanderVen, J. D. Harder, D. C. Crick, and J. T. Belisle (2005)
Science 309, 941-943
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lipoprotein-Dependent and -Independent Immune Responses to Spirochetal Infection.
J. C. Salazar, C. D. Pope, M. W. Moore, J. Pope, T. G. Kiely, and J. D. Radolf (2005)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 12, 949-958
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
MyD88, but Not Toll-Like Receptors 4 and 2, Is Required for Efficient Clearance of Brucella abortus.
D. S. Weiss, K. Takeda, S. Akira, A. Zychlinsky, and E. Moreno (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 5137-5143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa.
C Lienhardt, K Fielding, J. Sillah, B Bah, P Gustafson, D Warndorff, M Palayew, I Lisse, S Donkor, S Diallo, et al. (2005)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 34, 914-923
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Lipopolysaccharide- and gram-positive bacteria-induced cellular inflammatory responses: role of heterotrimeric G{alpha}i proteins.
H. Fan, B. Zingarelli, O. M. Peck, G. Teti, G. E. Tempel, P. V. Halushka, and J. A. Cook (2005)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 289, C293-C301
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Heat Shock Proteins Use Diverse Toll-like Receptor Pathways to Activate Pro-inflammatory Signals.
Y. Bulut, K. S. Michelsen, L. Hayrapetian, Y. Naiki, R. Spallek, M. Singh, and M. Arditi (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 20961-20967
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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