Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 9 July 1999:
Vol. 285. no. 5425, pp. 251 - 254
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5425.251
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Ploidy Regulation of Gene Expression

Timothy Galitski, 1 Alok J. Saldanha, 12 Cora A. Styles, 1 Eric S. Lander, 12 Gerald R. Fink 12*

Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified genes showing ploidy-dependent expression in isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that varied in ploidy from haploid to tetraploid. These genes were induced or repressed in proportion to the number of chromosome sets, regardless of the mating type. Ploidy-dependent repression of some G1 cyclins can explain the greater cell size associated with higher ploidies, and suggests ploidy-dependent modifications of cell cycle progression. Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development.

1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
2 Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fink{at}wi.mit.edu

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
The cellular geometry of growth drives the amino acid economy of Caenorhabditis elegans.
J. Swire, S. Fuchs, J. G. Bundy, and A. M. Leroi (2009)
Proc R Soc B 276, 2747-2754
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombination between Homoeologous Chromosomes of Lager Yeasts Leads to Loss of Function of the Hybrid GPH1 Gene.
J. Usher and U. Bond (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 4573-4579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The functional importance of telomere clustering: Global changes in gene expression result from SIR factor dispersion.
A. Taddei, G. Van Houwe, S. Nagai, I. Erb, E. van Nimwegen, and S. M. Gasser (2009)
Genome Res. 19, 611-625
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suppression of the Double-Strand-Break-Repair Defect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad57 Mutant.
C. W. Fung, A. M. Mozlin, and L. S. Symington (2009)
Genetics 181, 1195-1206
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of Mating Type, Serotype, and Ploidy on the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
X. Lin, K. Nielsen, S. Patel, and J. Heitman (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 2923-2938
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Changes Associated With Potato Autopolyploidization.
R. M. Stupar, P. B. Bhaskar, B. S. Yandell, W. A. Rensink, A. L. Hart, S. Ouyang, R. E. Veilleux, J. S. Busse, R. J. Erhardt, C. R. Buell, et al. (2007)
Genetics 176, 2055-2067
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interrelation between polyploidization and megakaryocyte differentiation: a gene profiling approach.
H. Raslova, A. Kauffmann, D. Sekkai, H. Ripoche, F. Larbret, T. Robert, D. T. Le Roux, G. Kroemer, N. Debili, P. Dessen, et al. (2007)
Blood 109, 3225-3234
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dissection of Enhanced Cell Expansion Processes in Leaves Triggered by a Defect in Cell Proliferation, with Reference to Roles of Endoreduplication.
U. Fujikura, G. Horiguchi, and H. Tsukaya (2007)
Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 278-286
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Mapping of Biomass Production in Tetraploid Alfalfa.
J. G. Robins, D. Luth, T. A. Campbell, G. R. Bauchan, C. He, D. R. Viands, J. L. Hansen, and E. C. Brummer (2007)
Crop Sci. 47, 1-10
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular-Genetic Biodiversity in a Natural Population of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae From "Evolution Canyon": Microsatellite Polymorphism, Ploidy and Controversial Sexual Status.
T. K. Ezov, E. Boger-Nadjar, Z. Frenkel, I. Katsperovski, S. Kemeny, E. Nevo, A. Korol, and Y. Kashi (2006)
Genetics 174, 1455-1468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distribution and Ecology of Cytotypes of the Aster amellus Aggregates in the Czech Republic.
T. MANDAKOVA and Z. MUNZBERGOVA (2006)
Ann. Bot. 98, 845-856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Mating-Type-Regulated Genes Affect the DNA Repair Defects of Saccharomyces RAD51, RAD52 and RAD55 Mutants.
M. Valencia-Burton, M. Oki, J. Johnson, T. A. Seier, R. Kamakaka, and J. E. Haber (2006)
Genetics 174, 41-55
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adaptive evolution by mutations in the FLO11 gene.
M. Fidalgo, R. R. Barrales, J. I. Ibeas, and J. Jimenez (2006)
PNAS 103, 11228-11233
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Feedback control of morphogenesis in fungi by aromatic alcohols.
H. Chen and G. R. Fink (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 1150-1161
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomewide Nonadditive Gene Regulation in Arabidopsis Allotetraploids.
J. Wang, L. Tian, H.-S. Lee, N. E. Wei, H. Jiang, B. Watson, A. Madlung, T. C. Osborn, R. W. Doerge, L. Comai, et al. (2006)
Genetics 172, 507-517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A haploid-specific transcriptional response to irradiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
G. Mercier, N. Berthault, N. Touleimat, F. Kepes, G. Fourel, E. Gilson, and M. Dutreix (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 6635-6643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Ploidy and Mating Type on Virulence of Candida albicans.
A. S. Ibrahim, B. B. Magee, D. C. Sheppard, M. Yang, S. Kauffman, J. Becker, J. E. Edwards Jr., and P. T. Magee (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 7366-7374
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Polyploidy and Cellular Mechanisms Changing Leaf Size: Comparison of Diploid and Autotetraploid Populations in Two Species of Lolium.
S.-I. SUGIYAMA (2005)
Ann. Bot. 96, 931-938
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In search of candidate genes critically expressed in the human endometrium during the window of implantation.
S. Mirkin, M. Arslan, D. Churikov, A. Corica, J.I. Diaz, S. Williams, S. Bocca, and S. Oehninger (2005)
Hum. Reprod. 20, 2104-2117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endomitosis and polyploidization of myocardial cells in the periphery of human acute myocardial infarction.
P. C. Meckert, H. G. Rivello, C. Vigliano, P. Gonzalez, R. Favaloro, and R. Laguens (2005)
Cardiovasc Res 67, 116-123
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predicting gene function through systematic analysis and quality assessment of high-throughput data.
P. Kemmeren, T. T. J. P. Kockelkorn, T. Bijma, R. Donders, and F. C. P. Holstege (2005)
Bioinformatics 21, 1644-1652
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Nuclear Exosome Contributes to Autogenous Control of NAB2 mRNA Levels.
K. M. Roth, M. K. Wolf, M. Rossi, and J. S. Butler (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 1577-1585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Tomato Fruit Growth Response to Temperature and Plant Fruit Load in Relation to Cell Division, Cell Expansion and DNA Endoreduplication.
N. BERTIN (2005)
Ann. Bot. 95, 439-447
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Repression of the yeast HO gene by the MAT{alpha}2 and MATa1 homeodomain proteins.
J. R. Mathias, S. E. Hanlon, R. A. O'Flanagan, A. M. Sengupta, and A. K. Vershon (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 6469-6478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Failed Clearance of Aneuploid Embryonic Neural Progenitor Cells Leads to Excess Aneuploidy in the Atm-Deficient But Not the Trp53-Deficient Adult Cerebral Cortex.
M. J. McConnell, D. Kaushal, A. H. Yang, M. A. Kingsbury, S. K. Rehen, K. Treuner, R. Helton, E. G. Annas, J. Chun, and C. Barlow (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 8090-8096
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defects Arising From Whole-Genome Duplications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A. A. Andalis, Z. Storchova, C. Styles, T. Galitski, D. Pellman, and G. R. Fink (2004)
Genetics 167, 1109-1121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Dynamics and Preferential Expression of Homeologous 18S-5.8S-26S Nuclear Ribosomal Genes in Natural and Artificial Glycine Allopolyploids.
S. Joly, J. T. Rauscher, S. L. Sherman-Broyles, A. H. D. Brown, and J. J. Doyle (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1409-1421
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding Apomixis: Recent Advances and Remaining Conundrums.
R. A. Bicknell and A. M. Koltunow (2004)
PLANT CELL 16, S228-S245
   Full Text »    PDF »
Vascular Smooth Muscle Polyploidization as a Biomarker for Aging and Its Impact on Differential Gene Expression.
M. R. Jones and K. Ravid (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5306-5313
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biological detection of low radiation doses by combining results of two microarray analysis methods.
G. Mercier, N. Berthault, J. Mary, J. Peyre, A. Antoniadis, J.-P. Comet, A. Cornuejols, C. Froidevaux, and M. Dutreix (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res. 32, e12
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chitin scar breaks in aged Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
C. D. Powell, D. E. Quain, and K. A. Smart (2003)
Microbiology 149, 3129-3137
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Akt promotes increased mammalian cell size by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation.
J. Faridi, J. Fawcett, L. Wang, and R. A. Roth (2003)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285, E964-E972
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosomal Variations Within Aneuploid Cancer Lines.
T. Isaka, A. L. Nestor, T. Takada, and D. C. Allison (2003)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 1343-1353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endoreduplication Mediated by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Activator CCS52A Is Required for Symbiotic Cell Differentiation in Medicago truncatula Nodules.
J. M. Vinardell, E. Fedorova, A. Cebolla, Z. Kevei, G. Horvath, Z. Kelemen, S. Tarayre, F. Roudier, P. Mergaert, A. Kondorosi, et al. (2003)
PLANT CELL 15, 2093-2105
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Telomerase-Independent Proliferation Is Influenced by Cell Type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
J. E. Lowell, A. I. Roughton, V. Lundblad, and L. Pillus (2003)
Genetics 164, 909-921
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased ploidy and KAR3 and SIR3 disruption alter the dynamics of meiotic chromosomes and telomeres.
E. Trelles-Sticken, J. Loidl, and H. Scherthan (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 2431-2442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence that Synthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitochondrially Encoded Ribosomal Protein Var1p May Be Membrane Localized.
A. Fiori, T. L. Mason, and T. D. Fox (2003)
Eukaryot. Cell 2, 651-653
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromatin of endoreduplicated pavement cells has greater range of movement than that of diploid guard cells in Arabidopsis thaliana.
N. Kato and E. Lam (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 2195-2201
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Population Genetic Variation in Genome-Wide Gene Expression.
J. P. Townsend, D. Cavalieri, and D. L. Hartl (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 955-963
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Liver Cell Polyploidization: A Pivotal Role for Binuclear Hepatocytes.
J.-E. Guidotti, O. Bregerie, A. Robert, P. Debey, C. Brechot, and C. Desdouets (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 19095-19101
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Unfolded Protein Response Is Required for Haploid Tolerance in Yeast.
K. Lee, L. Neigeborn, and R. J. Kaufman (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 11818-11827
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene expression profiles of mouse submandibular gland development: FGFR1 regulates branching morphogenesis in vitro through BMP- and FGF-dependent mechanisms.
M. P. Hoffman, B. L. Kidder, Z. L. Steinberg, S. Lakhani, S. Ho, H. K. Kleinman, and M. Larsen (2003)
Development 129, 5767-5778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Megakaryocyte polyploidization is associated with a functional gene amplification.
H. Raslova, L. Roy, C. Vourc'h, J. P. Le Couedic, O. Brison, D. Metivier, J. Feunteun, G. Kroemer, N. Debili, and W. Vainchenker (2003)
Blood 101, 541-544
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Requirement for ATP Hydrolysis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 Is Bypassed by Mating-Type Heterozygosity or RAD54 in High Copy.
E. A. Morgan, N. Shah, and L. S. Symington (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 6336-6343
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Saccharomyces forkhead protein Fkh1 regulates donor preference during mating-type switching through the recombination enhancer.
K. Sun, E. Coic, Z. Zhou, P. Durrens, and J. E. Haber (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 2085-2096
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptome profiling to identify genes involved in peroxisome assembly and function.
J. J. Smith, M. Marelli, R. H. Christmas, F. J. Vizeacoumar, D. J. Dilworth, T. Ideker, T. Galitski, K. Dimitrov, R. A. Rachubinski, and J. D. Aitchison (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 158, 259-271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spontaneous and double-strand break-induced recombination, and gene conversion tract lengths, are differentially affected by overexpression of wild-type or ATPase-defective yeast Rad54.
P. M. Kim, K. S. Paffett, J. A. Solinger, W.-D. Heyer, and J. A. Nickoloff (2002)
Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 2727-2735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear DNA endoreduplication during petal development in cabbage: relationship between ploidy levels and cell size.
N. Kudo and Y. Kimura (2002)
J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1017-1023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sensing, signalling and integrating physical processes during Saccharomyces cerevisiae invasive and filamentous growth.
S. P. Palecek, A. S. Parikh, and S. J. Kron (2002)
Microbiology 148, 893-907
   Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Loss, Silencing and Activation in a Newly Synthesized Wheat Allotetraploid.
K. Kashkush, M. Feldman, and A. A. Levy (2002)
Genetics 160, 1651-1659
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The expression of TGF{beta} signal transducers in the hypodermis regulates body size in C. elegans.
J. Wang, R. Tokarz, and C. Savage-Dunn (2002)
Development 129, 4989-4998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-wide Study of Gene Copy Numbers, Transcripts, and Protein Levels in Pairs of Non-invasive and Invasive Human Transitional Cell Carcinomas.
T. F. Orntoft, T. Thykjaer, F. M. Waldman, H. Wolf, and J. E. Celis (2002)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1, 37-45
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Azole-Responsive Genes by Microarray Technology: Why Are We Missing the Efflux Transporter Genes?.
D. P. Kontoyiannis, G. S. May ;, M. D. De Backer, W. H. M. L. Luyten, and H. V. Bossche (2001)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 3674-3676
   Full Text »    PDF »
NHEJ regulation by mating type is exercised through a novel protein, Lif2p, essential to the Ligase IV pathway.
M. Frank-Vaillant and S. Marcand (2001)
Genes & Dev. 15, 3005-3012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosomal variation in neurons of the developing and adult mammalian nervous system.
S. K. Rehen, M. J. McConnell, D. Kaushal, M. A. Kingsbury, A. H. Yang, and J. Chun (2001)
PNAS 98, 13361-13366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Expression of the Mitotic Regulators SAK and PLK in Colorectal Cancer.
J. C. Macmillan, J. W. Hudson, S. Bull, J. W. Dennis, and C. J. Swallow (2001)
Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8, 729-740
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Estimate of the Mutation Rate and the Distribution of Fitness Effects in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
D. M. Wloch, K. Szafraniec, R. H. Borts, and R. Korona (2001)
Genetics 159, 441-452
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Allopolyploidy-Induced Rapid Genome Evolution in the Wheat (Aegilops-Triticum) Group.
H. Ozkan, A. A. Levy, and M. Feldman (2001)
PLANT CELL 13, 1735-1747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microarrays for microbiologists.
S. Lucchini, A. Thompson, and J. C. D. Hinton (2001)
Microbiology 147, 1403-1414
   Full Text »    PDF »
Sequence Diversity in the Tetraploid Zea perennis and the Closely Related Diploid Z. diploperennis: Insights From Four Nuclear Loci.
P. Tiffin and B. S. Gaut (2001)
Genetics 158, 401-412
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Tetraploid State Induces p53-dependent Arrest of Nontransformed Mammalian Cells in G1.
P. R. Andreassen, O. D. Lohez, F. B. Lacroix, and R. L. Margolis (2001)
Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 1315-1328
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response.
V. G. Tusher, R. Tibshirani, and G. Chu (2001)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Bakers' Yeast, a Model for Fungal Biofilm Formation.
T. B. Reynolds and G. R. Fink (2001)
Science 291, 878-881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Homologous Recombinational Repair of Double-Strand Breaks in Yeast Is Enhanced by MAT Heterozygosity Through yKU-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.
J. A. Clikeman, G. J. Khalsa, S. L. Barton, and J. A. Nickoloff (2001)
Genetics 157, 579-589
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Patterns of Chromosomal Duplication in Maize and Their Implications for Comparative Maps of the Grasses.
B. S. Gaut (2001)
Genome Res. 11, 55-66
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Anther Culture-Derived Regenerants of Durum Wheat and Their Cytological Characterization.
M. Dogramaci-Altuntepe, T. S. Peterson, and P. P. Jauhar (2001)
J. Hered. 92, 56-64
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signals in yeast differentiation.
H. D. Madhani (2000)
PNAS
   Full Text »
Genetic Analysis Reveals That FLO11 Upregulation and Cell Polarization Independently Regulate Invasive Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
S. P. Palecek, A. S. Parikh, and S. J. Kron (2000)
Genetics 156, 1005-1023
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Gic2p May Link Activated Cdc42p to Components Involved in Actin Polarization, Including Bni1p and Bud6p (Aip3p).
M. Jaquenoud and M. Peter (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6244-6258
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Activation of the Kss1 Invasive-Filamentous Growth Pathway Induces Ty1 Transcription and Retrotransposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A. Morillon, M. Springer, and P. Lesage (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 5766-5776
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Somatic polyploidization and cellular proliferation drive body size evolution in nematodes.
A. J. Flemming, Z.-Z. Shen, A. Cunha, S. W. Emmons, and A. M. Leroi (2000)
PNAS 97, 5285-5290
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Expression Patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison of Drug Treatments and Genetic Alterations Affecting Biosynthesis of Ergosterol.
G. F. Bammert and J. M. Fostel (2000)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1255-1265
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Special Feature: The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation.
L. E. Graham, M. E. Cook, and J. S. Busse (2000)
PNAS 97, 4535-4540
   Full Text »    PDF »
Polyploidy Induces Centromere Association.
E. Martinez-Perez, P. J. Shaw, and G. Moore (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 148, 233-238
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetics: Regulation Through Repression.
A. P. Wolffe and M. A. Matzke (1999)
Science 286, 481-486
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signals in yeast differentiation.
H. D. Madhani (2000)
PNAS 97, 13461-13463
   Full Text »    PDF »
Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response.
V. G. Tusher, R. Tibshirani, and G. Chu (2001)
PNAS 98, 5116-5121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The yeast A kinases differentially regulate iron uptake and respiratory function.
L. S. Robertson, H. C. Causton, R. A. Young, and G. R. Fink (2000)
PNAS 97, 5984-5988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Polyploids require Bik1 for kinetochore-microtubule attachment.
H. Lin, P. de Carvalho, D. Kho, C.-Y. Tai, P. Pierre, G. R. Fink, and D. Pellman (2001)
J. Cell Biol. 155, 1173-1184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)