Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 25 June 1999:
Vol. 284. no. 5423, pp. 2124 - 2128
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2124
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Review

Phylogenetic Classification and the Universal Tree

W. Ford Doolittle

From comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of genes encoding ribosomal RNAs and several proteins, molecular phylogeneticists have constructed a "universal tree of life," taking it as the basis for a "natural" hierarchical classification of all living things. Although confidence in some of the tree's early branches has recently been shaken, new approaches could still resolve many methodological uncertainties. More challenging is evidence that most archaeal and bacterial genomes (and the inferred ancestral eukaryotic nuclear genome) contain genes from multiple sources. If "chimerism" or "lateral gene transfer" cannot be dismissed as trivial in extent or limited to special categories of genes, then no hierarchical universal classification can be taken as natural. Molecular phylogeneticists will have failed to find the "true tree," not because their methods are inadequate or because they have chosen the wrong genes, but because the history of life cannot properly be represented as a tree. However, taxonomies based on molecular sequences will remain indispensable, and understanding of the evolutionary process will ultimately be enriched, not impoverished.

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada. E-mail: ford{at}is.dal.ca

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Genome beginnings: rooting the tree of life.
J. A. Lake, R. G. Skophammer, C. W. Herbold, and J. A. Servin (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2177-2185
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Getting a better picture of microbial evolution en route to a network of genomes.
T. Dagan and W. Martin (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2187-2196
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The not so universal tree of life or the place of viruses in the living world..
H. Brussow (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 2263-2274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Proteomic Survey of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mitochondria Sheds New Light on the Metabolic Plasticity of the Organelle and on the Nature of the {alpha}-Proteobacterial Mitochondrial Ancestor.
A. Atteia, A. Adrait, S. Brugiere, M. Tardif, R. van Lis, O. Deusch, T. Dagan, L. Kuhn, B. Gontero, W. Martin, et al. (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 1533-1548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Darwinian evolution in the light of genomics.
E. V. Koonin (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 1011-1034
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenomics and protein signatures elucidating the evolutionary relationships among the Gammaproteobacteria.
B. Gao, R. Mohan, and R. S. Gupta (2009)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59, 234-247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dealing with incongruence in phylogenomic analyses.
N. Galtier and V. Daubin (2008)
Phil Trans R Soc B 363, 4023-4029
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells.
J. M. Archibald (2008)
PNAS 105, 20049-20050
   Full Text »    PDF »
Genomics of bacteria and archaea: the emerging dynamic view of the prokaryotic world.
E. V. Koonin and Y. I. Wolf (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 6688-6719
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution without Species: The Case of Mosaic Bacteriophages.
G. J. Morgan and W. B. Pitts (2008)
Brit J Philos Sci 59, 745-765
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for a New Root of the Tree of Life.
J. A. Lake, J. A. Servin, C. W. Herbold, and R. G. Skophammer (2008)
Syst Biol 57, 835-843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A new SPIN on horizontal transfer.
D. Lisch (2008)
PNAS 105, 16827-16828
   Full Text »    PDF »
Evolution of Peptidase Diversity.
M. J. Page and E. Di Cera (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 30010-30014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ion Channels in Microbes.
B. Martinac, Y. Saimi, and C. Kung (2008)
Physiol Rev 88, 1449-1490
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Colloquium Paper: Three ambitious (and rather unorthodox) assignments for the field of biodiversity genetics.
J. C. Avise (2008)
PNAS 105, 11564-11570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signature Genes as a Phylogenomic Tool.
B. E. Dutilh, B. Snel, T. J. G. Ettema, and M. A. Huynen (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1659-1667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconstructing Evolutionary Graphs: 3D Parsimony.
J. A. Lake (2008)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 1677-1682
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modular networks and cumulative impact of lateral transfer in prokaryote genome evolution.
T. Dagan, Y. Artzy-Randrup, and W. Martin (2008)
PNAS 105, 10039-10044
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metritis, Valvular Endocarditis, and Septicemia by Actinobacillus equuli in a Gilt in the United States.
J. A. Ramos-Vara, C. C. Wu, I. Mitsui, T. L. Lin, and M. A. Miller (2008)
Vet. Pathol. 45, 495-499
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of Mating Type, Serotype, and Ploidy on the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
X. Lin, K. Nielsen, S. Patel, and J. Heitman (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 2923-2938
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A distance metric for a class of tree-sibling phylogenetic networks.
G. Cardona, M. Llabres, F. Rossello, and G. Valiente (2008)
Bioinformatics 24, 1481-1488
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Incidence of lux Gene Horizontal Transfer in Vibrionaceae.
H. Urbanczyk, J. C. Ast, A. J. Kaeding, J. D. Oliver, and P. V. Dunlap (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 3494-3504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Heterogeneous Selection in a Spatially Structured Environment Affects Fitness Tradeoffs of Plasmid Carriage in Pseudomonads.
F. R. Slater, K. D. Bruce, R. J. Ellis, A. K. Lilley, and S. L. Turner (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 3189-3197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Null mutations in human and mouse orthologs frequently result in different phenotypes.
B.-Y. Liao and J. Zhang (2008)
PNAS 105, 6987-6992
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The evolution of modularity in bacterial metabolic networks.
A. Kreimer, E. Borenstein, U. Gophna, and E. Ruppin (2008)
PNAS 105, 6976-6981
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Function, Structure, and Evolution of the RubisCO-Like Proteins and Their RubisCO Homologs.
F. R. Tabita, T. E. Hanson, H. Li, S. Satagopan, J. Singh, and S. Chan (2007)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 576-599
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent.
W. Martin and M. J Russell (2007)
Phil Trans R Soc B 362, 1887-1926
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Phylogenetics of the Lizard Genus Microlophus (Squamata:Tropiduridae): Aligning and Retrieving Indel Signal from Nuclear Introns.
E. Benavides, R. Baum, D. McClellan, and J. W. Sites (2007)
Syst Biol 56, 776-797
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Model of Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Bacterial Phylogeny Problem.
N. Galtier (2007)
Syst Biol 56, 633-642
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seeing the Trees for the Network: Consensus, Information Content, and Superphylogenies.
O. Gauthier and F.-J. Lapointe (2007)
Syst Biol 56, 345-355
   Full Text »    PDF »
From Phylogenetics to Phylogenomics: The Evolutionary Relationships of Insect Endosymbiotic {gamma}-Proteobacteria as a Test Case.
I. Comas, A. Moya, and F. Gonzalez-Candelas (2007)
Syst Biol 56, 1-16
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Exploring the Relationship between Sequence Similarity and Accurate Phylogenetic Trees.
B. L. Cantarel, H. G. Morrison, and W. Pearson (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 2090-2100
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early anaerobic metabolisms.
D. E Canfield, M. T Rosing, and C. Bjerrum (2006)
Phil Trans R Soc B 361, 1819-1836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hyperthermophiles in the history of life.
K. O Stetter (2006)
Phil Trans R Soc B 361, 1837-1843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence that the Root of the Tree of Life Is Not within the Archaea.
R. G. Skophammer, C. W. Herbold, M. C. Rivera, J. A. Servin, and J. A. Lake (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1648-1651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Rieske Protein: A Case Study on the Pitfalls of Multiple Sequence Alignments and Phylogenetic Reconstruction.
E. Lebrun, J. M. Santini, M. Brugna, A.-L. Ducluzeau, S. Ouchane, B. Schoepp-Cothenet, F. Baymann, and W. Nitschke (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1180-1191
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbial Phylogeny and Evolution: Concepts and Controversies.
J. O. Andersson (2006)
Syst Biol 55, 359-361
   Full Text »    PDF »
Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life..
F. D. Ciccarelli, T. Doerks, C. von Mering, C. J. Creevey, B. Snel, and P. Bork (2006)
Science 311, 1283-1287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bayesian classifiers for detecting HGT using fixed and variable order markov models of genomic signatures.
D. Dalevi, D. Dubhashi, and M. Hermansson (2006)
Bioinformatics 22, 517-522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Several Archaeal Homologs of Putative Oligopeptide-Binding Proteins Encoded by Thermotoga maritima Bind Sugars.
D. M. Nanavati, K. Thirangoon, and K. M. Noll (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 1336-1345
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic blueprint of Hahella chejuensis, a marine microbe producing an algicidal agent.
H. Jeong, J. H. Yim, C. Lee, S.-H. Choi, Y. K. Park, S. H. Yoon, C.-G. Hur, H.-Y. Kang, D. Kim, H. H. Lee, et al. (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 7066-7073
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Insights on biology and evolution from microbial genome sequencing.
C. M. Fraser-Liggett (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 1603-1610
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highways of gene sharing in prokaryotes.
R. G. Beiko, T. J. Harlow, and M. A. Ragan (2005)
PNAS 102, 14332-14337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Much Data are Needed to Resolve a Difficult Phylogeny? Case Study in Lamiales.
A. H. Wortley, P. J. Rudall, D. J. Harris, and R. W. Scotland (2005)
Syst Biol 54, 697-709
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Towards a Genome-Based Taxonomy for Prokaryotes.
K. T. Konstantinidis and J. M. Tiedje (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 6258-6264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenetic positions of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and Spiroplasma kunkelii as inferred from multiple sets of concatenated core housekeeping proteins.
Y. Zhao, R. E. Davis, and I.-M. Lee (2005)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 2131-2141
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of a Bacillus subtilis mobile genetic element by intercellular signaling and the global DNA damage response.
J. M. Auchtung, C. A. Lee, R. E. Monson, A. P. Lehman, and A. D. Grossman (2005)
PNAS 102, 12554-12559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mathematical Modeling of Evolution of Horizontally Transferred Genes.
A. S. Novozhilov, G. P. Karev, and E. V. Koonin (2005)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1721-1732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The net of life: Reconstructing the microbial phylogenetic network.
V. Kunin, L. Goldovsky, N. Darzentas, and C. A. Ouzounis (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 954-959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microbial K+ Channels.
S. H. Loukin, M. M.-C. Kuo, X.-L. Zhou, W. J. Haynes, C. Kung, and Y. Saimi (2005)
J. Gen. Physiol. 125, 521-527
   Full Text »    PDF »
From The Cover: Global divergence of microbial genome sequences mediated by propagating fronts.
K. Vetsigian and N. Goldenfeld (2005)
PNAS 102, 7332-7337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decoding the genomic tree of life.
A. B. Simonson, J. A. Servin, R. G. Skophammer, C. W. Herbold, M. C. Rivera, and J. A. Lake (2005)
PNAS 102, 6608-6613
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic analysis of Hyphomonas neptunium contradicts 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis: implications for the taxonomy of the orders 'Rhodobacterales' and Caulobacterales.
J. H. Badger, J. A. Eisen, and N. L. Ward (2005)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 1021-1026
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prokaryotic phylogenies inferred from protein structural domains.
E. J. Deeds, H. Hennessey, and E. I. Shakhnovich (2005)
Genome Res. 15, 393-402
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Weighted Genome Trees: Refinements and Applications.
U. Gophna, W. F. Doolittle, and R. L. Charlebois (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 1305-1316
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Measuring genome conservation across taxa: divided strains and united kingdoms.
V. Kunin, D. Ahren, L. Goldovsky, P. Janssen, and C. A. Ouzounis (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 616-621
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discovery of a free-living chlorophyll d-producing cyanobacterium with a hybrid proteobacterial/cyanobacterial small-subunit rRNA gene.
S. R. Miller, S. Augustine, T. L. Olson, R. E. Blankenship, J. Selker, and A. M. Wood (2005)
PNAS 102, 850-855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection and characterization of horizontal transfers in prokaryotes using genomic signature.
C. Dufraigne, B. Fertil, S. Lespinats, A. Giron, and P. Deschavanne (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e6
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Molecular Clock and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacterial Evolution.
P. S. Novichkov, M. V. Omelchenko, M. S. Gelfand, A. A. Mironov, Y. I. Wolf, and E. V. Koonin (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 6575-6585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in plants..
C. R. Linder and L. H. Rieseberg (2004)
Am. J. Botany 91, 1700-1708
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative phylogenies of the housekeeping genes atpD, infB and rpoB and the 16S rRNA gene within the Pasteurellaceae.
H. Christensen, P. Kuhnert, J. E. Olsen, and M. Bisgaard (2004)
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 1601-1609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Genome Phylogeny for Mitochondria Among {alpha}-Proteobacteria and a Predominantly Eubacterial Ancestry of Yeast Nuclear Genes.
C. Esser, N. Ahmadinejad, C. Wiegand, C. Rotte, F. Sebastiani, G. Gelius-Dietrich, K. Henze, E. Kretschmann, E. Richly, D. Leister, et al. (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1643-1660
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Phylogenetic Analysis Based on Extended Gene Contents.
X. Gu and H. Zhang (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1401-1408
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Computational inference of scenarios for {alpha}-proteobacterial genome evolution.
B. Boussau, E. O. Karlberg, A. C. Frank, B.-A. Legault, and S. G. E. Andersson (2004)
PNAS 101, 9722-9727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Phylogenomic Study of Endosymbiotic Bacteria.
B. Canback, I. Tamas, and S. G. E. Andersson (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 1110-1122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deriving the Genomic Tree of Life in the Presence of Horizontal Gene Transfer: Conditioned Reconstruction.
J. A. Lake and M. C. Rivera (2004)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 681-690
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Evidence for the Evolution of Metal Homeostasis Genes by Lateral Gene Transfer in Bacteria from the Deep Terrestrial Subsurface.
J. M. Coombs and T. Barkay (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 1698-1707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Power and the Limitations of Cross-Species Protein Identification by Mass Spectrometry-driven Sequence Similarity Searches.
B. Habermann, J. Oegema, S. Sunyaev, and A. Shevchenko (2004)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 3, 238-249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenetics and the Cohesion of Bacterial Genomes.
V. Daubin, N. A. Moran, and H. Ochman (2003)
Science 301, 829-832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of broad-range 16S rDNA PCR for use in the routine diagnostic clinical microbiology service.
K. A. Harris and J. C. Hartley (2003)
J. Med. Microbiol. 52, 685-691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Evolutionarily Structured Universe of Protein Architecture.
G. Caetano-Anolles and D. Caetano-Anolles (2003)
Genome Res. 13, 1563-1571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Molecular Evolution of Catalatic Hydroperoxidases: Evidence for Multiple Lateral Transfer of Genes Between Prokaryota and from Bacteria into Eukaryota.
M. G. Klotz and P. C. Loewen (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 1098-1112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prophage Genomics.
C. Canchaya, C. Proux, G. Fournous, A. Bruttin, and H. Brussow (2003)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67, 238-276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Iron-Dependent Hydrogenases of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia: Activity of the Recombinant Entamoebic Enzyme and Evidence for Lateral Gene Transfer.
J. E. J. Nixon, J. Field, A. G. McArthur, M. L. Sogin, N. Yarlett, B. J. Loftus, and J. Samuelson (2003)
Biol. Bull. 204, 1-9
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Implications of Microbial Genome Tetranucleotide Frequency Biases.
D. T. Pride, R. J. Meinersmann, T. M. Wassenaar, and M. J. Blaser (2003)
Genome Res. 13, 145-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Yolkless Egg and the Evolution of Eutherian Viviparity.
I. Rothchild (2003)
Biol Reprod 68, 337-357
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prokaryotic Evolution in Light of Gene Transfer.
J. P. Gogarten, W. F. Doolittle, and J. G. Lawrence (2002)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 2226-2238
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acceleration of genomic evolution caused by enhanced mutation rate in endocellular symbionts.
T. Itoh, W. Martin, and M. Nei (2002)
PNAS 99, 12944-12948
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Factors Influencing the Identification of Transcription Factor Binding Sites by Cross-Species Comparison.
L. A. McCue, W. Thompson, C. S. Carmack, and C. E. Lawrence (2002)
Genome Res. 12, 1523-1532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus.
W. Martin, T. Rujan, E. Richly, A. Hansen, S. Cornelsen, T. Lins, D. Leister, B. Stoebe, M. Hasegawa, and D. Penny (2002)
PNAS 99, 12246-12251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization Detects Extensive Genomic Diversity in Thermotoga maritima.
C. L. Nesbo, K. E. Nelson, and W. F. Doolittle (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 4475-4488
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Phage Proteomic Tree: a Genome-Based Taxonomy for Phage.
F. Rohwer and R. Edwards (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 4529-4535
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity within Species of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Sediments.
Y. Oda, W. Wanders, L. A. Huisman, W. G. Meijer, J. C. Gottschal, and L. J. Forney (2002)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 68, 3467-3477
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tracing the evolution of RNA structure in ribosomes.
G. Caetano-Anolles (2002)
Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 2575-2587
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems.
D. K. Newman and J. F. Banfield (2002)
Science 296, 1071-1077
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Archaeal Phylogeny Based on Ribosomal Proteins.
O. Matte-Tailliez, C. Brochier, P. Forterre, and H. Philippe (2002)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 631-639
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The global phylogeny of glycolytic enzymes.
B. Canback, S. G. E. Andersson, and C. G. Kurland (2002)
PNAS 99, 6097-6102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inferring Genome Trees by Using a Filter To Eliminate Phylogenetically Discordant Sequences and a Distance Matrix Based on Mean Normalized BLASTP Scores.
G. D. P. Clarke, R. G. Beiko, M. A. Ragan, and R. L. Charlebois (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 2072-2080
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Physiological genomics of Escherichia coli protein families.
P. Liang, B. Labedan, and M. Riley (2002)
Physiol Genomics 9, 15-26
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Lateral Transfer of Genes Encoding Ferredoxins, Nitroreductases, NADH Oxidase, and Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 from Anaerobic Prokaryotes to Giardialamblia and Entamoebahistolytica.
J. E. J. Nixon, A. Wang, J. Field, H. G. Morrison, A. G. McArthur, M. L. Sogin, B. J. Loftus, and J. Samuelson (2002)
Eukaryot. Cell 1, 181-190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Analyses of the Small Subunit of Glutamate Synthase: Gene Order Conservation, Gene Fusions, and Prokaryote-to- Eukaryote Lateral Gene Transfers.
J. O. Andersson and A. J. Roger (2002)
Eukaryot. Cell 1, 304-310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals Multiple Lateral Transfers of Adenosine-5'-Phosphosulfate Reductase Genes among Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms.
M. W. Friedrich (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 278-289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fermor lecture: The influence of life on the face of the Earth: garnets and moving continents.
E. G. Nisbet (2002)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications 199, 275-307
   Abstract »    PDF »
GAPDH Gene Diversity in Spirochetes: A Paradigm for Genetic Promiscuity.
R. M. Figge and R. Cerff (2001)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 2240-2249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NJML+: An Extension of the NJML Method to Handle Protein Sequence Data and Computer Software Implementation.
S. Ota and W.-H. Li (2001)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1983-1992
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding the Adaptation of Halobacterium Species NRC-1 to Its Extreme Environment through Computational Analysis of Its Genome Sequence.
S. P. Kennedy, W. V. Ng, S. L. Salzberg, L. Hood, and S. DasSarma (2001)
Genome Res. 11, 1641-1650
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adaptins. The Final Recount.
M. Boehm and J. S. Bonifacino (2001)
Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 2907-2920
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)