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Science 21 May 1999:
Vol. 284. no. 5418, pp. 1322 - 1328
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1322
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Review

Type III Secretion Machines: Bacterial Devices for Protein Delivery into Host Cells

Jorge E. Galán, 1* Alan Collmer 2

Several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have evolved a complex protein secretion system termed type III to deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells that then modulate host cellular functions. These bacterial devices are present in both plant and animal pathogenic bacteria and are evolutionarily related to the flagellar apparatus. Although type III secretion systems are substantially conserved, the effector molecules they deliver are unique for each bacterial species. Understanding the biology of these devices may allow the development of novel prevention and therapeutic approaches for several infectious diseases.

1 Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
2 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4203, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: jorge.galan{at}yale.edu

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The Pseudomonas syringae HopPtoV Protein Is Secreted in Culture and Translocated into Plant Cells via the Type III Protein Secretion System in a Manner Dependent on the ShcV Type III Chaperone.
M. D. Wehling, M. Guo, Z. Q. Fu, and J. R. Alfano (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 3621-3630
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The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis.
L. Navarro, C. Zipfel, O. Rowland, I. Keller, S. Robatzek, T. Boller, and J. D.G. Jones (2004)
Plant Physiology 135, 1113-1128
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Analysis of the Salmonella enterica Type III Secretion-Associated ATPase InvC Defines Discrete Functional Domains.
Y. Akeda and J. E. Galan (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 2402-2412
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Salmonella typhi encodes a functional cytolethal distending toxin that is delivered into host cells by a bacterial-internalization pathway.
E. Haghjoo and J. E. Galan (2004)
PNAS 101, 4614-4619
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A Type III Secretion System Is Required for Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1 Pathogenesis.
H. B. Yu, P. S. S. Rao, H. C. Lee, S. Vilches, S. Merino, J. M. Tomas, and K. Y. Leung (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 1248-1256
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The truA gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is required for the expression of type III secretory genes.
K.-S. Ahn, U. Ha, J. Jia, D. Wu, and S. Jin (2004)
Microbiology 150, 539-547
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H-NS Represses Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium dsbA Expression during Exponential Growth.
C. V. Gallant, T. Ponnampalam, H. Spencer, J. C. D. Hinton, and N. L. Martin (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 910-918
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IcmR-regulated Membrane Insertion and Efflux by the Legionella pneumophila IcmQ Protein.
G. Dumenil, T. P. Montminy, M. Tang, and R. R. Isberg (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4686-4695
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Binding of SycH Chaperone to YscM1 and YscM2 Activates Effector yop Expression in Yersinia enterocolitica.
E. D. Cambronne, J. A. Sorg, and O. Schneewind (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 829-841
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Structure of HrcQB-C, a conserved component of the bacterial type III secretion systems.
V. E. Fadouloglou, A. P. Tampakaki, N. M. Glykos, M. N. Bastaki, J. M. Hadden, S. E. Phillips, N. J. Panopoulos, and M. Kokkinidis (2004)
PNAS 101, 70-75
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
XopC and XopJ, Two Novel Type III Effector Proteins from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.
L. Noel, F. Thieme, J. Gabler, D. Buttner, and U. Bonas (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 7092-7102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
InvB Is a Type III Secretion-Associated Chaperone for the Salmonella enterica Effector Protein SopE.
S. Ho Lee and J. E. Galan (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 7279-7284
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