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Science 21 May 1999:
Vol. 284. no. 5418, pp. 1318 - 1322
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
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Review

Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections

J. W. Costerton, 1 Philip S. Stewart, 1 E. P. Greenberg 2*

Bacteria that attach to surfaces aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms. Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. Studies of biofilms have revealed differentiated, structured groups of cells with community properties. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial community behavior point to therapeutic targets that may provide a means for the control of biofilm infections.

1 Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: everett-greenberg{at}uiowa.edu

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O. Cirioni, R. Ghiselli, D. Minardi, F. Orlando, F. Mocchegiani, C. Silvestri, G. Muzzonigro, V. Saba, G. Scalise, N. Balaban, et al. (2007)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 4518-4520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Local and Global Regulators Linking Anaerobiosis to cupA Fimbrial Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
I. Vallet-Gely, J. S. Sharp, and S. L. Dove (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 8667-8676
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Contribution of Moraxella catarrhalis Type IV Pili to Nasopharyngeal Colonization and Biofilm Formation.
N. R. Luke, J. A. Jurcisek, L. O. Bakaletz, and A. A. Campagnari (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 5559-5564
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The Listeria monocytogenes Homolog of the Escherichia coli era Gene Is Involved in Adhesion to Inert Surfaces.
F. Auvray, D. Chassaing, C. Duprat, and B. Carpentier (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 7789-7792
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biofilm formation by enterococci.
J. A. Mohamed and D. B. Huang (2007)
J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 1581-1588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SadC Reciprocally Influences Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility via Modulation of Exopolysaccharide Production and Flagellar Function.
J. H. Merritt, K. M. Brothers, S. L. Kuchma, and G. A. O'Toole (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 8154-8164
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