Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 21 May 1999:
Vol. 284. no. 5418, pp. 1313 - 1318
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1313
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Review

Phylogenetic Perspectives in Innate Immunity

Jules A. Hoffmann, 1* Fotis C. Kafatos, 2 Charles A. Janeway Jr., 3 R. A. B. Ezekowitz 4

The concept of innate immunity refers to the first-line host defense that serves to limit infection in the early hours after exposure to microorganisms. Recent data have highlighted similarities between pathogen recognition, signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms of innate immunity in Drosophila and mammals, pointing to a common ancestry of these defenses. In addition to its role in the early phase of defense, innate immunity in mammals appears to play a key role in stimulating the subsequent, clonal response of adaptive immunity.

1 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67084, France.
2 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69012, Germany.
3 Section of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA.
4 Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-3139, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jhoff{at}ibmc.u-strasbg.fr

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
The N-terminal Domain of Drosophila Gram-negative Binding Protein 3 (GNBP3) Defines a Novel Family of Fungal Pattern Recognition Receptors.
Y. Mishima, J. Quintin, V. Aimanianda, C. Kellenberger, F. Coste, C. Clavaud, C. Hetru, J. A. Hoffmann, J.-P. Latge, D. Ferrandon, et al. (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 28687-28697
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective role of mouse MBL-C on intestinal mucosa during Shigella flexneri invasion.
D.-M. Zuo, L.-Y. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Liu, and Z.-L. Chen (2009)
Int. Immunol. 21, 1125-1134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Factor G Utilizes a Carbohydrate-Binding Cleft That Is Conserved between Horseshoe Crab and Bacteria for the Recognition of {beta}-1,3-D-Glucans.
Y. Ueda, S. Ohwada, Y. Abe, T. Shibata, M. Iijima, Y. Yoshimitsu, T. Koshiba, M. Nakata, T. Ueda, and S.-i. Kawabata (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 3810-3818
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Specific and Universal Virulence Factors in Burkholderia cenocepacia Strains by Using Multiple Infection Hosts.
S. Uehlinger, S. Schwager, S. P. Bernier, K. Riedel, D. T. Nguyen, P. A. Sokol, and L. Eberl (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4102-4110
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitofusin 2 Inhibits Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling.
K. Yasukawa, H. Oshiumi, M. Takeda, N. Ishihara, Y. Yanagi, T. Seya, S.-i. Kawabata, and T. Koshiba (2009)
Science Signaling 2, ra47
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutational analysis of Cys88 of Toll-like receptor 4 highlights the critical role of MD-2 in cell surface receptor expression.
C. Nishitani, M. Takahashi, H. Mitsuzawa, T. Shimizu, S. Ariki, N. Matsushima, and Y. Kuroki (2009)
Int. Immunol. 21, 925-934
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteolytic Cascade for the Activation of the Insect Toll Pathway Induced by the Fungal Cell Wall Component.
K.-B. Roh, C.-H. Kim, H. Lee, H.-M. Kwon, J.-W. Park, J.-H. Ryu, K. Kurokawa, N.-C. Ha, W.-J. Lee, B. Lemaitre, et al. (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 19474-19481
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Review: Immunity mechanisms in crustaceans.
L. Vazquez, J. Alpuche, G. Maldonado, C. Agundis, A. Pereyra-Morales, and E. Zenteno (2009)
Innate Immunity 15, 179-188
   Abstract »    PDF »
PD-1 expression by macrophages plays a pathologic role in altering microbial clearance and the innate inflammatory response to sepsis.
X. Huang, F. Venet, Y. L. Wang, A. Lepape, Z. Yuan, Y. Chen, R. Swan, H. Kherouf, G. Monneret, C.-S. Chung, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 6303-6308
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highly fucosylated N-glycan ligands for mannan-binding protein expressed specifically on CD26 (DPPVI) isolated from a human colorectal carcinoma cell line, SW1116.
N. Kawasaki, C.-W. Lin, R. Inoue, K.-H. Khoo, N. Kawasaki, B. Y. Ma, S. Oka, M. Ishiguro, T. Sawada, H. Ishida, et al. (2009)
Glycobiology 19, 437-450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of a Synthetic Salicylic Acid Analog to Investigate the Roles of Methyl Salicylate and Its Esterases in Plant Disease Resistance.
S.-W. Park, P.-P. Liu, F. Forouhar, A. C. Vlot, L. Tong, K. Tietjen, and D. F. Klessig (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 7307-7317
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel C-Type Lectin from the Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Possesses Anti-White Spot Syndrome Virus Activity.
Z.-Y. Zhao, Z.-X. Yin, X.-P. Xu, S.-P. Weng, X.-Y. Rao, Z.-X. Dai, Y.-W. Luo, G. Yang, Z.-S. Li, H.-J. Guan, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 347-356
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Studying host-pathogen interactions and innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans.
D. Kim (2008)
Dis. Model. Mech. 1, 205-208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacterial Peptide Recognition and Immune Activation Facilitated by Human Peptide Transporter PEPT2.
P. W. Swaan, T. Bensman, P. M. Bahadduri, M. W. Hall, A. Sarkar, S. Bao, C. M. Khantwal, S. Ekins, and D. L. Knoell (2008)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 39, 536-542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An innate immune response of blood cells to tumors and tissue damage in Drosophila.
J. C. Pastor-Pareja, M. Wu, and T. Xu (2008)
Dis. Model. Mech. 1, 144-154
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Member of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Family Is Responsible for Transcriptional Induction of Dopa decarboxylase in the Epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster during the Innate Immune Response.
M. M. Davis, D. A. Primrose, and R. B. Hodgetts (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 4883-4895
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antibodies to Proteinase 3 Prime Human Oral, Lung, and Kidney Epithelial Cells To Secrete Proinflammatory Cytokines upon Stimulation with Agonists to Various Toll-Like Receptors, NOD1, and NOD2.
A. Uehara, Y. Hirabayashi, and H. Takada (2008)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 1060-1066
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Murine Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Inhibits the Endotoxic Activity of Lipopolysaccharide and Gram-Negative Bacteria.
I. Wittmann, M. Schonefeld, D. Aichele, G. Groer, A. Gessner, and M. Schnare (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 7546-7552
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virulent Shigella flexneri subverts the host innate immune response through manipulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression.
B. Sperandio, B. Regnault, J. Guo, Z. Zhang, S. L. Stanley Jr., P. J. Sansonetti, and T. Pedron (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 1121-1132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian.
A. Hejnol and M. Q Martindale (2008)
Phil Trans R Soc B 363, 1493-1501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-8 Expression in Human Endothelial Cells.
A. R. Anand, M. Cucchiarini, E. F. Terwilliger, and R. K. Ganju (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 5636-5644
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Rabbit Sacculus Rotundus Antimicrobial Peptides on the Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in Chickens.
T. Liu, R. She, K. Wang, H. Bao, Y. Zhang, D. Luo, Y. Hu, Y. Ding, D. Wang, and K. Peng (2008)
Poult. Sci. 87, 250-254
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Serum C-Reactive Protein as Independent Prognostic Variable in Patients with Ovarian Cancer.
L. A. Hefler, N. Concin, G. Hofstetter, C. Marth, A. Mustea, J. Sehouli, R. Zeillinger, H. Leipold, H. Lass, C. Grimm, et al. (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 710-714
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of the Silkworm Cytokine by Bacterial and Fungal Cell Wall Components via a Reactive Oxygen Species-triggered Mechanism.
K. Ishii, H. Hamamoto, M. Kamimura, and K. Sekimizu (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 2185-2191
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mannose-binding lectin enhances Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 signaling from the phagosome.
W.K. E. Ip, K. Takahashi, K. J. Moore, L. M. Stuart, and R. A. B. Ezekowitz (2008)
J. Exp. Med. 205, 169-181
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-Like Receptor 9-Dependent Macrophage Activation by Entamoeba histolytica DNA.
C. P. A. Ivory, M. Prystajecky, C. Jobin, and K. Chadee (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 289-297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Basis for Innate Immune Sensing by M-ficolin and Its Control by a pH-dependent Conformational Switch.
V. Garlatti, L. Martin, E. Gout, J.-B. Reiser, T. Fujita, G. J. Arlaud, N. M. Thielens, and C. Gaboriaud (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 35814-35820
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Implications of dealing with airborne substances and reactive oxygen species: what mammalian lungs, animals, and plants have to say?.
E. Spinelli Oliveira, J. T. Hancock, M. Hermes-Lima, D. A. Isola, M. Ochs, J. Yu, and D. Wilhem Filho (2007)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 47, 578-591
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional conservation of Rel binding sites in drosophilid genomes.
R. R. Copley, M. Totrov, J. Linnell, S. Field, J. Ragoussis, and I. A. Udalova (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1327-1335
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inflammatory Marker Mania in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pentraxins at the Crossroad of Universal Soldiers of Inflammation.
K. Kalantar-Zadeh (2007)
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, 872-875
   Full Text »    PDF »
Babesial Vector Tick Defensin against Babesia sp. Parasites.
N. Tsuji, B. Battsetseg, D. Boldbaatar, T. Miyoshi, X. Xuan, J. H. Oliver Jr., and K. Fujisaki (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 3633-3640
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enteroendocrine cells express functional Toll-like receptors.
M. Bogunovic, S. H. Dave, J. S. Tilstra, D. T. W. Chang, N. Harpaz, H. Xiong, L. F. Mayer, and S. E. Plevy (2007)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292, G1770-G1783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
beta-Defensin overexpression induces progressive muscle degeneration in mice.
Y. Yamaguchi, T. Nagase, T. Tomita, K. Nakamura, S. Fukuhara, T. Amano, H. Yamamoto, Y. Ide, M. Suzuki, S. Teramoto, et al. (2007)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292, C2141-C2149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin-Dependent Toll-Like Receptor Expression and Responsiveness in Preadipocytes and Adipocytes.
A. Batra, J. Pietsch, I. Fedke, R. Glauben, B. Okur, T. Stroh, M. Zeitz, and B. Siegmund (2007)
Am. J. Pathol. 170, 1931-1941
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential expression of Toll-like receptors in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro on treatment with cisplatin.
S. Tarang, A. Sodhi, and P. Chauhan (2007)
Int. Immunol. 19, 635-643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Innate Immune Response to Adenoviral Vectors Is Mediated by both Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways.
J. Zhu, X. Huang, and Y. Yang (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 3170-3180
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Embryonic chimerism does not induce tolerance in an invertebrate model organism.
M. Poudyal, S. Rosa, A. E. Powell, M. Moreno, S. L. Dellaporta, L. W. Buss, and F. G. Lakkis (2007)
PNAS 104, 4559-4564
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Conformational Changes in Mannan-Binding Lectin Bound to Ligand Surfaces.
M. Dong, S. Xu, C. L. P. Oliveira, J. S. Pedersen, S. Thiel, F. Besenbacher, and T. Vorup-Jensen (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 3016-3022
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary ecology of immune defence in copepods.
J. Kurtz (2007)
J. Plankton Res. 29, i27-i38
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell-surface Glycoprotein Apa as a Potential Adhesin to Colonize Target Cells via the Innate Immune System Pulmonary C-type Lectin Surfactant Protein A.
A. Ragas, L. Roussel, G. Puzo, and M. Riviere (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 5133-5142
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Structural Perspective on the Interaction between Lipopolysaccharide and Factor C, a Receptor Involved in Recognition of Gram-negative Bacteria.
T. Koshiba, T. Hashii, and S.-i. Kawabata (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 3962-3967
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective Effect of the Nramp1 BB Genotype against Brucella abortus in the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
R. Capparelli, F. Alfano, M. G. Amoroso, G. Borriello, D. Fenizia, A. Bianco, S. Roperto, F. Roperto, and D. Iannelli (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 988-996
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Responses of Host Hemocytes During the Initiation of the Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis.
T. A. Koropatnick, J. R. Kimbell, and M. J. McFall-Ngai (2007)
Biol. Bull. 212, 29-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like Receptor 4 Region Glu24-Lys47 Is a Site for MD-2 Binding: IMPORTANCE OF CYS29 AND CYS40.
C. Nishitani, H. Mitsuzawa, H. Sano, T. Shimizu, N. Matsushima, and Y. Kuroki (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 38322-38329
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Overexpression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-5 in T Cells Augments Innate Immunity during Septic Peritonitis.
H. Watanabe, M. Kubo, K. Numata, K. Takagi, H. Mizuta, S. Okada, T. Ito, and A. Matsukawa (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 8650-8657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment and Prevention of Staphylococcus epidermidis Experimental Biomaterial-Associated Infection by Bactericidal Peptide 2.
P. H. S. Kwakman, A. A. te Velde, C. M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, S. J. H. van Deventer, and S. A. J. Zaat (2006)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 3977-3983
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arsenic ecotoxicology and innate immunity.
C. R. Lage, A. Nayak, and C. H. Kim (2006)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 46, 1040-1054
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombinant Soluble Forms of Extracellular TLR4 Domain and MD-2 Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide Binding on Cell Surface and Dampen Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice.
H. Mitsuzawa, C. Nishitani, N. Hyakushima, T. Shimizu, H. Sano, N. Matsushima, K. Fukase, and Y. Kuroki (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 8133-8139
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of Autoimmunity by TLR9 in the Chronic Graft-vs-Host Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Z. Ma, F. Chen, M. P. Madaio, P. L. Cohen, and R. A. Eisenberg (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 7444-7450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like receptor 8 functions as a negative regulator of neurite outgrowth and inducer of neuronal apoptosis.
Y. Ma, J. Li, I. Chiu, Y. Wang, J. A. Sloane, J. Lu, B. Kosaras, R. L. Sidman, J. J. Volpe, and T. Vartanian (2006)
J. Cell Biol. 175, 209-215
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Escherichia coli Prevents Phagocytosis-Induced Death of Macrophages via Classical NF-{kappa}B Signaling, a Link to T-Cell Activation..
H. V. Groesdonk, S. Schlottmann, F. Richter, M. Georgieff, and U. Senftleben (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 5989-6000
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides of the respiratory epithelia..
B. Grubor, D. K. Meyerholz, and M. R. Ackermann (2006)
Vet. Pathol. 43, 595-612
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Surfactant Protein A Directly Interacts with TLR4 and MD-2 and Regulates Inflammatory Cellular Response: IMPORTANCE OF SUPRATRIMERIC OLIGOMERIZATION.
C. Yamada, H. Sano, T. Shimizu, H. Mitsuzawa, C. Nishitani, T. Himi, and Y. Kuroki (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 21771-21780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The central role of adrenomedullin in host defense.
E. Zudaire, S. Portal-Nunez, and F. Cuttitta (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 237-244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel 40-kDa Protein Containing Six Repeats of an Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Domain Functions as a Pattern Recognition Protein for Lipopolysaccharide.
J. S. Ju, M. H. Cho, L. Brade, J. H. Kim, J. W. Park, N.-C. Ha, I. Soderhall, K. Soderhall, H. Brade, and B. L. Lee (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 1838-1845
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Expression of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 in the Skin and Liver Requires Different Transcription Factors.
X. Li, S. Wang, H. Wang, and D. Gupta (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 20738-20748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Caenorhabditis elegans ABL-1 Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for Shigella flexneri Pathogenesis..
E. A. Burton, A. M. Pendergast, and A. Aballay (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 5043-5051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
All-trans retinoic acid-induced expression of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in human myeloid cells correlates to binding of C/EBP{beta} and C/EBP{epsilon} to the BPI promoter.
A. Lennartsson, K. Vidovic, M. B. Pass, J. B. Cowland, and U. Gullberg (2006)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 196-203
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Peptidoglycan-Induced IL-6 Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Is Mediated by Cyclooxygenase-2, PGE2/PGE4 Receptors, Protein Kinase A, I{kappa}B Kinase, and NF-{kappa}B.
B.-C. Chen, C.-C. Liao, M.-J. Hsu, Y.-T. Liao, C.-C. Lin, J.-R. Sheu, and C.-H. Lin (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 681-693
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The cell surface leucine-rich repeat receptor for AtPep1, an endogenous peptide elicitor in Arabidopsis, is functional in transgenic tobacco cells.
Y. Yamaguchi, G. Pearce, and C. A. Ryan (2006)
PNAS 103, 10104-10109
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunolocalisation of the D. melanogaster Nramp homologue Malvolio to gut and Malpighian tubules provides evidence that Malvolio and Nramp2 are orthologous.
J. L. Folwell, C. H. Barton, and D. Shepherd (2006)
J. Exp. Biol. 209, 1988-1995
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation of cell wall mutants in Aspergillus nidulans by screening for hypersensitivity to Calcofluor White..
T. W. Hill, D. M. Loprete, M. Momany, Y. Ha, L. M. Harsch, J. A. Livesay, A. Mirchandani, J. J. Murdock, M. J. Vaughan, and M. B. Watt (2006)
Mycologia 98, 399-409
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cloning and characterization of mannose-binding lectin from lamprey (agnathans)..
M. Takahashi, D. Iwaki, A. Matsushita, M. Nakata, M. Matsushita, Y. Endo, and T. Fujita (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 4861-4868
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like Receptors and the Eye..
F.-S. X. Yu and L. D. Hazlett (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 1255-1263
   Full Text »    PDF »
A Synthetic Peptidoglycan Fragment as a Competitive Inhibitor of the Melanization Cascade.
J. W. Park, B.-R. Je, S. Piao, S. Inamura, Y. Fujimoto, K. Fukase, S. Kusumoto, K. Soderhall, N.-C. Ha, and B. L. Lee (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 7747-7755
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans.
E. H. Davidson and D. H. Erwin (2006)
Science 311, 796-800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deficiency of Mannose-Binding Lectin Greatly Increases Susceptibility to Postburn Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
M. Moller-Kristensen, W. K. E. Ip, L. Shi, L. D. Gowda, M. R. Hamblin, S. Thiel, J. Chr. Jensenius, R. A. B. Ezekowitz, and K. Takahashi (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 1769-1775
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are differentially involved in Fas dependent apoptosis in Peyer's patch and the liver at an early stage after bile duct ligation in mice.
A Ogawa, T Tagawa, H Nishimura, T Yajima, T Abe, T Arai, M Taniguchi, K Takeda, S Akira, Y Nimura, et al. (2006)
Gut 55, 105-113
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
C-Reactive Protein and Risk of First-Ever Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study.
Y. Wakugawa, Y. Kiyohara, Y. Tanizaki, M. Kubo, T. Ninomiya, J. Hata, Y. Doi, K. Okubo, Y. Oishi, K. Shikata, et al. (2006)
Stroke 37, 27-32
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sensitization of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide via Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 by Bacterial Fimbria-Dependent Invasion.
H. Yumoto, H.-H. Chou, Y. Takahashi, M. Davey, F. C. Gibson III, and C. A. Genco (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 8050-8059
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Cellular Caveolin-1 Protein Expression in Murine Macrophages by Microbial Products.
M. G. Lei, X. Tan, N. Qureshi, and D. C. Morrison (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 8136-8143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Relative Roles of Complement Factor 3 and Mannose-Binding Lectin in Host Defense against Infection.
K. Takahashi, L. Shi, L. D. Gowda, and R. A. B. Ezekowitz (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 8188-8193
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identifying Components of the NF-{kappa}B Pathway in the Beneficial Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri Light Organ Symbiosis.
M. S. Goodson, M. Kojadinovic, J. V. Troll, T. E. Scheetz, T. L. Casavant, M. B. Soares, and M. J. McFall-Ngai (2005)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71, 6934-6946
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Ubiquitination in Drosophila Innate Immunity.
R. Zhou, N. Silverman, M. Hong, D. S. Liao, Y. Chung, Z. J. Chen, and T. Maniatis (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 34048-34055
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Apoptotic Response to Pneumolysin Is Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dependent and Protects against Pneumococcal Disease.
A. Srivastava, P. Henneke, A. Visintin, S. C. Morse, V. Martin, C. Watkins, J. C. Paton, M. R. Wessels, D. T. Golenbock, and R. Malley (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 6479-6487
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human peptidoglycan recognition protein S is an effector of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity.
J. H. Cho, I. P. Fraser, K. Fukase, S. Kusumoto, Y. Fujimoto, G. L. Stahl, and R. A. B. Ezekowitz (2005)
Blood 106, 2551-2558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human High Density Lipoproteins Are Platforms for the Assembly of Multi-component Innate Immune Complexes.
A. M. Shiflett, J. R. Bishop, A. Pahwa, and S. L. Hajduk (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32578-32585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stat3 in Resident Macrophages as a Repressor Protein of Inflammatory Response.
A. Matsukawa, S. Kudo, T. Maeda, K. Numata, H. Watanabe, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and T. Ito (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 3354-3359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Exposure to bacterial cell wall products triggers an inflammatory phenotype in hepatic stellate cells.
P. Brun, I. Castagliuolo, M. Pinzani, G. Palu, and D. Martines (2005)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289, G571-G578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Response to Staphylococcus aureus requires CD36-mediated phagocytosis triggered by the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain.
L. M. Stuart, J. Deng, J. M. Silver, K. Takahashi, A. A. Tseng, E. J. Hennessy, R. A. B. Ezekowitz, and K. J. Moore (2005)
J. Cell Biol. 170, 477-485
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel 43-kDa Protein as a Negative Regulatory Component of Phenoloxidase-induced Melanin Synthesis.
M. Zhao, I. Soderhall, J. W. Park, Y. G. Ma, T. Osaki, N.-C. Ha, C. F. Wu, K. Soderhall, and B. L. Lee (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 24744-24751
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure and Function of Both Domains of ArnA, a Dual Function Decarboxylase and a Formyltransferase, Involved in 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose Biosynthesis.
G. J. Williams, S. D. Breazeale, C. R. H. Raetz, and J. H. Naismith (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 23000-23008
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Unraveling the Secret Lives of Bacteria: Use of In Vivo Expression Technology and Differential Fluorescence Induction Promoter Traps as Tools for Exploring Niche-Specific Gene Expression.
H. Rediers, P. B. Rainey, J. Vanderleyden, and R. De Mot (2005)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69, 217-261
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure of the ABC Transporter MsbA in Complex with ADP{middle dot}Vanadate and Lipopolysaccharide.
C. L. Reyes and G. Chang (2005)
Science 308, 1028-1031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Regulation of {beta}-Defensin Expression in Human Skin by Microbial Stimuli.
O. E. Sorensen, D. R. Thapa, A. Rosenthal, L. Liu, A. A. Roberts, and T. Ganz (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4870-4879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Invited review: Detoxifying endotoxin: time, place and person.
R. S. Munford (2005)
Innate Immunity 11, 69-84
   Abstract »    PDF »
Mammalian defensins: structures and mechanism of antibiotic activity.
H.-G. Sahl, U. Pag, S. Bonness, S. Wagner, N. Antcheva, and A. Tossi (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 77, 466-475
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Oligosaccharide Ligands Expressed on SW1116 Cells Recognized by Mannan-binding Protein: A HIGHLY FUCOSYLATED POLYLACTOSAMINE TYPE N-GLYCAN.
M. Terada, K.-H. Khoo, R. Inoue, C.-I Chen, K. Yamada, H. Sakaguchi, N. Kadowaki, B. Y. Ma, S. Oka, T. Kawasaki, et al. (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10897-10913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Molecular Mechanism for Lipopolysaccharide Protection of Gram-negative Bacteria from Antimicrobial Peptides.
N. Papo and Y. Shai (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10378-10387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Variegation of the Immune Response with Dendritic Cells and Pathogen Recognition Receptors.
B. Pulendran (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 2457-2465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Pyrin Family of Fever Genes: Unmasking Genetic Determinants of Autoinflammatory Disease.
K. Shinkai, C. Kilcline, M. K. Connolly, and I. J. Frieden (2005)
Arch Dermatol 141, 242-247
   Full Text »    PDF »
Cdc42 and RhoB Activation Are Required for Mannose Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis by Human Alveolar Macrophages.
J. Zhang, J. Zhu, X. Bu, M. Cushion, T. B. Kinane, H. Avraham, and H. Koziel (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 824-834
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Mutation in the sap Operon Attenuates Survival of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media.
K. M. Mason, R. S. Munson Jr., and L. O. Bakaletz (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 599-608
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a Defensin from the Sand Fly Phlebotomus duboscqi Induced by Challenge with Bacteria or the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania major.
N. Boulanger, C. Lowenberger, P. Volf, R. Ursic, L. Sigutova, L. Sabatier, M. Svobodova, S. M. Beverley, G. Spath, R. Brun, et al. (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 7140-7146
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)