Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 20 November 1998:
Vol. 282. no. 5393, pp. 1504 - 1508
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5393.1504
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Local GABA Circuit Control of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex

Takao K. Hensch, * Michela Fagiolini, Nobuko Mataga, Michael P. Stryker, Steinunn Baekkeskov, Shera F. Kash

Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was identified here in a mouse model. Gene-targeted disruption of one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase prevented the competitive loss of responsiveness to an eye briefly deprived of vision, without affecting cooperative mechanisms of synapse modification in vitro. Selective, use-dependent enhancement of fast intracortical inhibitory transmission with benzodiazepines restored plasticity in vivo, rescuing the genetic defect. Specific networks of inhibitory interneurons intrinsic to visual cortex may detect perturbations in sensory input to drive experience-dependent plasticity during development.

T. K. Hensch, M. Fagiolini, N. Mataga, Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Development, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. M. P. Stryker, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. S. Baekkeskov and S. F. Kash, Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hensch{at}postman.riken.go.jp

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Permanent Functional Reorganization of Retinal Circuits Induced by Early Long-Term Visual Deprivation.
S. Di Marco, V. A. Nguyen, S. Bisti, and D. A. Protti (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 13691-13701
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Continuous White Noise Exposure Alters Auditory Spatial Sensitivity and Expression of GAD65 and GABAA Receptor Subunits in Rat Auditory Cortex.
J. Xu, L. Yu, R. Cai, J. Zhang, and X. Sun (2009)
Cereb Cortex
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA receptor subunit expression in glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 knock-out mice.
P. O. Kanold, Y. A. Kim, T. GrandPre, and C. J. Shatz (2009)
J. Physiol. 587, 2857-2867
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional and Electrophysiological Maturation of Neocortical Fast-Spiking GABAergic Interneurons.
B. W. Okaty, M. N. Miller, K. Sugino, C. M. Hempel, and S. B. Nelson (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 7040-7052
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Equalization of Ocular Dominance Columns Induced by an Activity-Dependent Learning Rule and the Maturation of Inhibition.
T. Toyoizumi and K. D. Miller (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 6514-6525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Massage Accelerates Brain Development and the Maturation of Visual Function.
A. Guzzetta, S. Baldini, A. Bancale, L. Baroncelli, F. Ciucci, P. Ghirri, E. Putignano, A. Sale, A. Viegi, N. Berardi, et al. (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 6042-6051
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuronal Correlates of Local, Lateral, and Translaminar Inhibition with Reference to Cortical Columns.
M. Helmstaedter, B. Sakmann, and D. Feldmeyer (2009)
Cereb Cortex 19, 926-937
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex.
D. Tropea, A. Van Wart, and M. Sur (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 341-355
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bidirectional synaptic mechanisms of ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex.
G. B Smith, A. J Heynen, and M. F Bear (2009)
Phil Trans R Soc B 364, 357-367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Age-Dependent Decline in Supragranular Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity by Increased Inhibition During the Critical Period in the Rat Primary Visual Cortex.
H.-J. Jang, K.-H. Cho, H.-S. Kim, S. J. Hahn, M.-S. Kim, and D.-J. Rhie (2009)
J Neurophysiol 101, 269-275
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delayed plasticity of inhibitory neurons in developing visual cortex.
S. P. Gandhi, Y. Yanagawa, and M. P. Stryker (2008)
PNAS 105, 16797-16802
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene expression patterns in visual cortex during the critical period: Synaptic stabilization and reversal by visual deprivation.
(2008)
PNAS 105, 9409-9414
Increasing Interaction of Amygdalar Afferents with GABAergic Interneurons between Birth and Adulthood.
M. G. Cunningham, S. Bhattacharyya, and F. M. Benes (2008)
Cereb Cortex 18, 1529-1535
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vision Triggers an Experience-Dependent Sensitive Period at the Retinogeniculate Synapse.
B. M. Hooks and C. Chen (2008)
J. Neurosci. 28, 4807-4817
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asymmetric Synaptic Depression in Cortical Networks.
M. I. Chelaru and V. Dragoi (2008)
Cereb Cortex 18, 771-788
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired GABAergic inhibition in the visual cortex of brain-derived neurotrophic factor heterozygous knockout mice.
I. Abidin, U. T. Eysel, V. Lessmann, and T. Mittmann (2008)
J. Physiol. 586, 1885-1901
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A palmitoylation cycle dynamically regulates partitioning of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65 between ER-Golgi and post-Golgi membranes.
J. Kanaani, G. Patterson, F. Schaufele, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, and S. Baekkeskov (2008)
J. Cell Sci. 121, 437-449
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contrast Sensitivity Is Reduced in Children with Infantile Spasms.
G. Mirabella, S. Morong, J. R. Buncic, O. C. Snead, W. J. Logan, S. K. Weiss, M. Abdolell, and C. A. Westall (2007)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 3610-3615
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Local Reduction in Cortical GABAergic Synapses after a Loss of Endogenous Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, as Revealed by Single-Cell Gene Knock-Out Method.
K. Kohara, H. Yasuda, Y. Huang, N. Adachi, K. Sohya, and T. Tsumoto (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7234-7244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient Synaptic Silencing of Developing Striate Cortex Has Persistent Effects on Visual Function and Plasticity.
M. Caleo, L. Restani, L. Gianfranceschi, L. Costantin, C. Rossi, O. Rossetto, C. Montecucco, and L. Maffei (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 4530-4540
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Monocular deprivation in adult mice alters visual acuity and single-unit activity.
Q. S. Fischer, A. Graves, S. Evans, M. E. Lickey, and T. A. Pham (2007)
Learn. Mem. 14, 277-286
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Emerging Roles for Ubiquitin and Protein Degradation in Neuronal Function.
J. J. Yi and M. D. Ehlers (2007)
Pharmacol. Rev. 59, 14-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of Cortical Maps: Perspectives From the Barrel Cortex.
M. Inan and M. C. Crair (2007)
Neuroscientist 13, 49-61
   Abstract »    PDF »
A homeostatic rule for inhibitory synapses promotes temporal sharpening and cortical reorganization.
S. B. Moldakarimov, J. L. McClelland, and G. B. Ermentrout (2006)
PNAS 103, 16526-16531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Plasticity of Inhibitory Circuitry.
S. L. Pallas, P. Wenner, C. Gonzalez-Islas, M. Fagiolini, K. A. Razak, G. Kim, D. Sanes, and B. Roerig (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 10358-10361
   Full Text »    PDF »
NF-{kappa}B/Rel Regulates Inhibitory and Excitatory Neuronal Function and Synaptic Plasticity..
A. O'Mahony, J. Raber, M. Montano, E. Foehr, V. Han, S.-m. Lu, H. Kwon, A. LeFevour, S. Chakraborty-Sett, and W. C. Greene (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 7283-7298
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Major Effects of Sensory Experiences on the Neocortical Inhibitory Circuits..
Y. Jiao, C. Zhang, Y. Yanagawa, and Q.-Q. Sun (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 8691-8701
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural and functional recovery from early monocular deprivation in adult rats.
T. Pizzorusso, P. Medini, S. Landi, S. Baldini, N. Berardi, and L. Maffei (2006)
PNAS 103, 8517-8522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo..
C. J. Akerman and H. T. Cline (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 5117-5130
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delayed development of adult-generated granule cells in dentate gyrus..
L. S. Overstreet-Wadiche, A. L. Bensen, and G. L. Westbrook (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 2326-2334
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Postnatal Expression Profile of OBCAM Implies its Involvement in Visual Cortex Development and Plasticity.
P. Li, S.S. Prasad, D.E. Mitchell, A. Hachisuka, J.-I. Sawada, A.M. Al-Housseini, and Q. Gu (2006)
Cereb Cortex 16, 291-299
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sonic hedgehog maintains the identity of cortical interneuron progenitors in the ventral telencephalon.
Q. Xu, C. P. Wonders, and S. A. Anderson (2005)
Development 132, 4987-4998
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of spectral and temporal response selectivity in the auditory cortex.
E. F. Chang, S. Bao, K. Imaizumi, C. E. Schreiner, and M. M. Merzenich (2005)
PNAS 102, 16460-16465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experience-Driven Plasticity of Visual Cortex Limited by Myelin and Nogo Receptor.
A. W. McGee, Y. Yang, Q. S. Fischer, N. W. Daw, and S. M. Strittmatter (2005)
Science 309, 2222-2226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Alcohol Exposure Induces Persistent Alteration of Cortical Columnar Organization and Reduced Orientation Selectivity in the Visual Cortex.
A. E. Medina, T. E. Krahe, and A. S. Ramoa (2005)
J Neurophysiol 93, 1317-1325
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reduced Visual Function Associated with Infantile Spasms in Children on Vigabatrin Therapy.
D. S. Hammoudi, S. S. F. Lee, A. Madison, G. Mirabella, J. R. Buncic, W. J. Logan, O. C. Snead, and C. A. Westall (2005)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 514-520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Layer Variations of Long-Term Depression in Rat Visual Cortex.
Y. Rao and N. W. Daw (2004)
J Neurophysiol 92, 2652-2658
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presynaptic GABAB Receptors Modulate Thalamic Excitation of Inhibitory and Excitatory Neurons in the Mouse Barrel Cortex.
J. T. Porter and D. Nieves (2004)
J Neurophysiol 92, 2762-2770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A semi-persistent adult ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex is stabilized by activated CREB.
T. A. Pham, S. J. Graham, S. Suzuki, A. Barco, E. R. Kandel, B. Gordon, and M. E. Lickey (2004)
Learn. Mem. 11, 738-747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of visual experience on developmental shift from long-term depression to long-term potentiation in the rat medial vestibular nuclei.
S. Grassi, C. Dieni, A. Frondaroli, and V. E. Pettorossi (2004)
J. Physiol. 560, 767-777
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement for the RII{beta} Isoform of PKA, But Not Calcium-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase, in Visual Cortical Plasticity.
Q. S. Fischer, C. J. Beaver, Y. Yang, Y. Rao, K. B. Jakobsdottir, D. R. Storm, G. S. McKnight, and N. W. Daw (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 9049-9058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recovery of Cortical Binocularity and Orientation Selectivity After the Critical Period for Ocular Dominance Plasticity.
D. S. Liao, T. E. Krahe, G. T. Prusky, A. E. Medina, and A. S. Ramoa (2004)
J Neurophysiol 92, 2113-2121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pathway-Specific Maturation, Visual Deprivation, and Development of Retinal Pathway.
H. Xu and N. Tian (2004)
Neuroscientist 10, 337-346
   Abstract »    PDF »
Development of Intrinsic Properties and Excitability of Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons During a Critical Period for Sensory Maps in Rat Barrel Cortex.
M. Maravall, E. A. Stern, and K. Svoboda (2004)
J Neurophysiol 92, 144-156
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experience-dependent Changes in Basal Dendritic Branching of Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons During a Critical Period for Developmental Plasticity in Rat Barrel Cortex.
M. Maravall, I. Y.Y. Koh, W. B. Lindquist, and K. Svoboda (2004)
Cereb Cortex 14, 655-664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Areal and Subcellular Localization of the Ubiquitous Alkaline Phosphatase in the Primate Cerebral Cortex: Evidence for a Role in Neurotransmission.
C. Fonta, L. Negyessy, L. Renaud, and P. Barone (2004)
Cereb Cortex 14, 595-609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acceleration of Visual System Development by Environmental Enrichment.
L. Cancedda, E. Putignano, A. Sale, A. Viegi, N. Berardi, and L. Maffei (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 4840-4848
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Columnar Architecture Sculpted by GABA Circuits in Developing Cat Visual Cortex.
T. K. Hensch and M. P. Stryker (2004)
Science 303, 1678-1681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Specific GABAA Circuits for Visual Cortical Plasticity.
M. Fagiolini, J.-M. Fritschy, K. Low, H. Mohler, U. Rudolph, and T. K. Hensch (2004)
Science 303, 1681-1683
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transmitter Metabolism as a Mechanism of Synaptic Plasticity: A Modeling Study.
N. Axmacher, M. Stemmler, D. Engel, A. Draguhn, and R. Ritz (2004)
J Neurophysiol 91, 25-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Blockade of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Does Not Prevent the Reverse Ocular Dominance Shift in Kitten Visual Cortex.
S. Shimegi, Q. S. Fischer, Y. Yang, H. Sato, and N. W. Daw (2003)
J Neurophysiol 90, 4027-4032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Rapid Increase in the Total Number of Cell Surface Functional GABAA Receptors Induced by Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rat Visual Cortex.
Y. Mizoguchi, T. Kanematsu, M. Hirata, and J. Nabekura (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 44097-44102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neonatal Alcohol Exposure Induces Long-Lasting Impairment of Visual Cortical Plasticity in Ferrets.
A. E. Medina, T. E. Krahe, D. M. Coppola, and A. S. Ramoa (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 10002-10012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory neurons from fetal rat cerebral cortex exert delayed axon formation and active migration in vitro.
K. Hayashi, R. Kawai-Hirai, A. Harada, and K. Takata (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 4419-4428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visual cortex is rescued from the effects of dark rearing by overexpression of BDNF.
L. Gianfranceschi, R. Siciliano, J. Walls, B. Morales, A. Kirkwood, Z. J. Huang, S. Tonegawa, and L. Maffei (2003)
PNAS 100, 12486-12491
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Critical Period Induction by Tonic Inhibition in Visual Cortex.
Y. Iwai, M. Fagiolini, K. Obata, and T. K. Hensch (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6695-6702
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two Forms of Synaptic Plasticity with Distinct Dependence on Age, Experience, and NMDA Receptor Subtype in Rat Visual Cortex.
Y. Yoshimura, T. Ohmura, and Y. Komatsu (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6557-6566
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory But Not Excitatory Cortical Neurons Require Presynaptic Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor for Dendritic Development, as Revealed by Chimera Cell Culture.
K. Kohara, A. Kitamura, N. Adachi, M. Nishida, C. Itami, S. Nakamura, and T. Tsumoto (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6123-6131
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Neurotrophins on Synaptic Protein Expression in the Visual Cortex of Dark-Reared Rats.
T. Cotrufo, A. Viegi, N. Berardi, Y. Bozzi, L. Mascia, and L. Maffei (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 3566-3571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Separable features of visual cortical plasticity revealed by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A signaling.
M. Fagiolini, H. Katagiri, H. Miyamoto, H. Mori, S. G. N. Grant, M. Mishina, and T. K. Hensch (2003)
PNAS 100, 2854-2859
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reactivation of Ocular Dominance Plasticity in the Adult Visual Cortex.
T. Pizzorusso, P. Medini, N. Berardi, S. Chierzi, J. W. Fawcett, and L. Maffei (2002)
Science 298, 1248-1251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Book Review: Neural Connections and Receptive Field Properties in the Primary Visual Cortex.
J.-M. Alonso (2002)
Neuroscientist 8, 443-456
   Abstract »    PDF »
A combination of three distinct trafficking signals mediates axonal targeting and presynaptic clustering of GAD65.
J. Kanaani, A. E.-D. El-Husseini, A. Aguilera-Moreno, J. M. Diacovo, D. S. Bredt, and S. Baekkeskov (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 158, 1229-1238
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dark Rearing Alters the Development of GABAergic Transmission in Visual Cortex.
B. Morales, S.-Y. Choi, and A. Kirkwood (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 8084-8090
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes the Maturation of GABAergic Mechanisms in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons.
M. K. Yamada, K. Nakanishi, S. Ohba, T. Nakamura, Y. Ikegaya, N. Nishiyama, and N. Matsuki (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 7580-7585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Absence of Long-Term Depression in the Visual Cortex of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Knock-Out Mice.
S.-Y. Choi, B. Morales, H.-K. Lee, and A. Kirkwood (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 5271-5276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Permissive proteolytic activity for visual cortical plasticity.
N. Mataga, N. Nagai, and T. K. Hensch (2002)
PNAS 99, 7717-7721
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activity Deprivation Reduces Miniature IPSC Amplitude by Decreasing the Number of Postsynaptic GABAA Receptors Clustered at Neocortical Synapses.
V. Kilman, M. C. W. van Rossum, and G. G. Turrigiano (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 1328-1337
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Book Review: Neurotrophins and Plasticity in the Visual Cortex.
M. Caleo and L. Maffei (2002)
Neuroscientist 8, 52-61
   Abstract »    PDF »
Experience-dependent plasticity without long-term depression by type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors in developing visual cortex.
J. J. Renger, K. N. Hartman, Y. Tsuchimoto, M. Yokoi, S. Nakanishi, and T. K. Hensch (2002)
PNAS 99, 1041-1046
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Mouse Visual Cortex in the Absence of the Neuronal Activity-Dependent Marker egr1/zif268.
N. Mataga, S. Fujishima, B. G. Condie, and T. K. Hensch (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 9724-9732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Inhibitory Gate Controls the Relay of Activity to the Superficial Layers of the Visual Cortex.
C. Rozas, H. Frank, A. J. Heynen, B. Morales, M. F. Bear, and A. Kirkwood (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 6791-6801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plasticity of rat central inhibitory synapses through GABA metabolism.
D. Engel, I. Pahner, K. Schulze, C. Frahm, H. Jarry, G. Ahnert-Hilger, and A. Draguhn (2001)
J. Physiol. 535, 473-482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Paradoxical Reduction of Synaptic Inhibition by Vigabatrin.
L. S. Overstreet and G. L. Westbrook (2001)
J Neurophysiol 86, 596-603
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement of ERK Activation for Visual Cortical Plasticity.
G. D. Cristo, N. Berardi, L. Cancedda, T. Pizzorusso, E. Putignano, G. M. Ratto, and L. Maffei (2001)
Science 292, 2337-2340
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
GABAergic Inhibition Antagonizes Adaptive Adjustment of the Owl's Auditory Space Map during the Initial Phase of Plasticity.
W. Zheng and E. I. Knudsen (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 4356-4365
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synaptic GABAA Activation Inhibits AMPA-Kainate Receptor-Mediated Bursting in the Newborn (P0-P2) Rat Hippocampus.
K. Lamsa, J. M. Palva, E. Ruusuvuori, K. Kaila, and T. Taira (2000)
J Neurophysiol 83, 359-366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Hydrophilic Isoform of Glutamate Decarboxylase, GAD67, Is Targeted to Membranes and Nerve Terminals Independent of Dimerization with the Hydrophobic Membrane-anchored Isoform, GAD65.
J. Kanaani, D. Lissin, S. F. Kash, and S. Baekkeskov (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 37200-37209
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subplate neuron ablation alters neurotrophin expression and ocular dominance column formation.
E. S. Lein, E. M. Finney, P. S. McQuillen, and C. J. Shatz (1999)
PNAS 96, 13491-13495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of the synthetic enzyme GAD65 in the control of neuronal gamma -aminobutyric acid release.
N. Tian, C. Petersen, S. Kash, S. Baekkeskov, D. Copenhagen, and R. Nicoll (1999)
PNAS 96, 12911-12916
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Depression at Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses in Visual Cortex.
J. A. Varela, S. Song, G. G. Turrigiano, and S. B. Nelson (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 4293-4304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anatomical Correlates of Functional Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex.
A. Antonini, M. Fagiolini, and M. P. Stryker (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 4388-4406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased anxiety and altered responses to anxiolytics in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase.
S. F. Kash, L. H. Tecott, C. Hodge, and S. Baekkeskov (1999)
PNAS 96, 1698-1703
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Overexpression Induces Precocious Critical Period in Mouse Visual Cortex.
J. L. Hanover, Z. J. Huang, S. Tonegawa, and M. P. Stryker (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, RC40
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)