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Science 16 October 1998:
Vol. 282. no. 5388, pp. 487 - 490
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5388.487
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Reports

Phosphorylation and Activation of 13S Condensin by Cdc2 in Vitro

Keiji Kimura, Michiko Hirano, Ryuji Kobayashi, Tatsuya Hirano *

13S condensin is a multisubunit protein complex essential for mitotic chromosome condensation in Xenopus egg extracts. Purified 13S condensin introduces positive supercoils into DNA in the presence of topoisomerase I and adenosine triphosphate in vitro. The supercoiling activity of 13S condensin was regulated by mitosis-specific phosphorylation. Immunodepletion, in vitro phosphorylation, and peptide-mapping experiments indicated that Cdc2 is likely to be the kinase that phosphorylates and activates 13S condensin. Multiple Cdc2 phosphorylation sites are clustered in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the XCAP-D2 (Xenopus chromosome-associated polypeptide D2) subunit. These results suggest that phosphorylation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 may trigger mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Post Office Box 100, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

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THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
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D. E. Anderson, A. Losada, H. P. Erickson, and T. Hirano (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 156, 419-424
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Cell Cycle-dependent Expression and Nucleolar Localization of hCAP-H.
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A. V. Strunnikov, L. Aravind, and E. V. Koonin (2001)
Genetics 158, 95-107
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Drosophila Aurora B Kinase Is Required for Histone H3 Phosphorylation and Condensin Recruitment during Chromosome Condensation and to Organize the Central Spindle during Cytokinesis.
R. Giet and D. M. Glover (2001)
J. Cell Biol. 152, 669-682
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Orc mutants arrest in metaphase with abnormally condensed chromosomes.
M. Pflumm and M. Botchan (2001)
Development 128, 1697-1707
   Abstract »    PDF »
Dual roles of the 11S regulatory subcomplex in condensin functions.
K. Kimura and T. Hirano (2000)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
HEAT Repeats Associated with Condensins, Cohesins, and Other Complexes Involved in Chromosome-Related Functions.
A. F. Neuwald and T. Hirano (2000)
Genome Res. 10, 1445-1452
   Abstract »    Full Text »
A Human Condensin Complex Containing hCAP-C-hCAP-E and CNAP1, a Homolog of Xenopus XCAP-D2, Colocalizes with Phosphorylated Histone H3 during the Early Stage of Mitotic Chromosome Condensation.
J. A. Schmiesing, H. C. Gregson, S. Zhou, and K. Yokomori (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6996-7006
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Identification and Characterization of SA/Scc3p Subunits in the Xenopus and Human Cohesin Complexes.
A. Losada, T. Yokochi, R. Kobayashi, and T. Hirano (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 150, 405-416
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Condensin Complex Governs Chromosome Condensation and Mitotic Transmission of rDNA.
L. Freeman, L. Aragon-Alcaide, and A. Strunnikov (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 149, 811-824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Kinase-anchoring Protein (AKAP)95 Recruits Human Chromosome-associated Protein (hCAP)-D2/Eg7 for Chromosome Condensation in Mitotic Extract.
R. L. Steen, F. Cubizolles, K. Le Guellec, and P. Collas (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 149, 531-536
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Degradation of DNA Topoisomerase I by a Novel Trypsin-like Serine Protease in Proliferating Human T Lymphocytes.
H.-J. Chen, C.-L. Hwong, C.-H. Wang, and J. Hwang (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13109-13117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitotic Chromosome Condensation Requires Brn1p, the Yeast Homologue of Barren.
B. D. Lavoie, K. M. Tuffo, S. Oh, D. Koshland, and C. Holm (2000)
Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 1293-1304
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Chromosome Condensation Factor Brn1p Is Required for Chromatid Separation in Mitosis.
I. I. Ouspenski, O. A. Cabello, and B. R. Brinkley (2000)
Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 1305-1313
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Caspase-dependent Cdk Activity Is a Requisite Effector of Apoptotic Death Events.
K. J. Harvey, D. Lukovic, and D. S. Ucker (2000)
J. Cell Biol. 148, 59-72
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Activation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase ERK1 during Meiotic Progression of Mouse Pachytene Spermatocytes.
C. Sette, M. Barchi, A. Bianchini, M. Conti, P. Rossi, and R. Geremia (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 33571-33579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fission yeast condensin complex: essential roles of non-SMC subunits for condensation and Cdc2 phosphorylation of Cut3/SMC4.
T. Sutani, T. Yuasa, T. Tomonaga, N. Dohmae, K. Takio, and M. Yanagida (1999)
Genes & Dev. 13, 2271-2283
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Elasticity Measurements Show the Existence of Thin Rigid Cores Inside Mitotic Chromosomes.
B. Houchmandzadeh and S. Dimitrov (1999)
J. Cell Biol. 145, 215-223
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gadd45, a p53-Responsive Stress Protein, Modifies DNA Accessibility on Damaged Chromatin.
F. Carrier, P. T. Georgel, P. Pourquier, M. Blake, H. U. Kontny, M. J. Antinore, M. Gariboldi, T. G. Myers, J. N. Weinstein, Y. Pommier, et al. (1999)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 1673-1685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SMC-mediated chromosome mechanics: a conserved scheme from bacteria to vertebrates?.
T. Hirano (1999)
Genes & Dev. 13, 11-19
   Full Text »
Chromosome Condensation by a Human Condensin Complex in Xenopus Egg Extracts.
K. Kimura, O. Cuvier, and T. Hirano (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5417-5420
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromatin-associated Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulates Aurora-B and Histone H3 Phosphorylation.
M. E. Murnion, R. R. Adams, D. M. Callister, C. D. Allis, W. C. Earnshaw, and J. R. Swedlow (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 26656-26665
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
pEg2 Aurora-A Kinase, Histone H3 Phosphorylation, and Chromosome Assembly in Xenopus Egg Extract.
L. Scrittori, F. Hans, D. Angelov, M. Charra, C. Prigent, and S. Dimitrov (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30002-30010
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 Protein by CDC2 Kinase during G2/M Phases and Its Role in Cell Cycle Regulation.
Y. Furukawa, S. Iwase, J. Kikuchi, Y. Terui, M. Nakamura, H. Yamada, Y. Kano, and M. Matsuda (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 21661-21667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual roles of the 11S regulatory subcomplex in condensin functions.
K. Kimura and T. Hirano (2000)
PNAS 97, 11972-11977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vivo dissection of the chromosome condensation machinery: reversibility of condensation distinguishes contributions of condensin and cohesin.
B. D. Lavoie, E. Hogan, and D. Koshland (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 156, 805-815
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Condensin and cohesin display different arm conformations with characteristic hinge angles.
D. E. Anderson, A. Losada, H. P. Erickson, and T. Hirano (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 156, 419-424
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutation of YCS4, a Budding Yeast Condensin Subunit, Affects Mitotic and Nonmitotic Chromosome Behavior.
N. Bhalla, S. Biggins, and A. W. Murray (2002)
Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 632-645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ISWI Remodeling Complexes in Xenopus Egg Extracts: Identification as Major Chromosomal Components that Are Regulated by INCENP-aurora B.
D. E. MacCallum, A. Losada, R. Kobayashi, and T. Hirano (2002)
Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 25-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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