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Science 28 August 1998:
Vol. 281. no. 5381, pp. 1342 - 1346
DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1342
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Reports

A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth

Paul F. Hoffman, * Alan J. Kaufman, Galen P. Halverson, Daniel P. Schrag

Negative carbon isotope anomalies in carbonate rocks bracketing Neoproterozoic glacial deposits in Namibia, combined with estimates of thermal subsidence history, suggest that biological productivity in the surface ocean collapsed for millions of years. This collapse can be explained by a global glaciation (that is, a snowball Earth), which ended abruptly when subaerial volcanic outgassing raised atmospheric carbon dioxide to about 350 times the modern level. The rapid termination would have resulted in a warming of the snowball Earth to extreme greenhouse conditions. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean would result in the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface waters, producing the cap carbonate rocks observed globally.

P. F. Hoffman, G. P. Halverson, D. P. Schrag, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. A. J. Kaufman, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hoffman{at}eps.harvard.edu

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Global modelling of continent formation and destruction through geological time and implications for CO2 drawdown in the Archaean Eon.
J. D. Kramers (2002)
Geological Society, London, Special Publications 199, 259-274
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)