Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.


Science 28 August 1998:
Vol. 281. no. 5381, pp. 1309 - 1312
DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1309

Review

Mitochondria and Apoptosis

Douglas R. Green and John C. Reed

REVIEW

A variety of key events in apoptosis focus on mitochondria, including the release of caspase activators (such as cytochrome c), changes in electron transport, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, altered cellular oxidation-reduction, and participation of pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The different signals that converge on mitochondria to trigger or inhibit these events and their downstream effects delineate several major pathways in physiological cell death.

D. R. Green is at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. J. C. Reed is at the Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.


Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Erythroid dysplasia, megaloblastic anemia, and impaired lymphopoiesis arising from mitochondrial dysfunction.
M. L. Chen, T. D. Logan, M. L. Hochberg, S. G. Shelat, X. Yu, G. E. Wilding, W. Tan, G. C. Kujoth, T. A. Prolla, M. A. Selak, et al. (2009)
Blood 114, 4045-4053
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein and Cellular Protein HAX-1 Promote 5-Fluorouracil-Mediated Hepatocyte Growth Inhibition.
A. Banerjee, K. Saito, K. Meyer, S. Banerjee, M. Ait-Goughoulte, R. B. Ray, and R. Ray (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 9663-9671
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced HtrA2/Omi Expression in Oxidative Injury to Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Murine Models of Neurodegeneration.
X. Ding, M. Patel, D. Shen, A. A. Herzlich, X. Cao, R. Villasmil, K. Klupsch, J. Tuo, J. Downward, and C.-C. Chan (2009)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 4957-4966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simian Varicella Virus Induces Apoptosis in Monkey Kidney Cells by the Intrinsic Pathway and Involves Downregulation of Bcl-2 Expression.
S. Pugazhenthi, D. H. Gilden, S. Nair, A. McAdoo, M. Wellish, E. Brazeau, and R. Mahalingam (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 9273-9282
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Mitochondria-targeted Nitroxide JP4-039 Augments Potentially Lethal Irradiation Damage Repair.
M. S. RAJAGOPALAN, K. GUPTA, M. W. EPPERLY, D. FRANICOLA, X. ZHANG, H. WANG, H. ZHAO, V. A. TYURIN, J. G. PIERCE, V. E. KAGAN, et al. (2009)
In Vivo 23, 717-726
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oocyte aging: cellular and molecular changes, developmental potential and reversal possibility.
Y.-L. Miao, K. Kikuchi, Q.-Y. Sun, and H. Schatten (2009)
Hum. Reprod. Update 15, 573-585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Magic-angle phosphorus NMR of functional mitochondria: in situ monitoring of lipid response under apoptotic-like stress.
M.-A. Sani, O. Keech, P. Gardestrom, E. J. Dufourc, and G. Grobner (2009)
FASEB J 23, 2872-2878
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cisplatin overcomes Bcl-2-mediated resistance to apoptosis via preferential engagement of Bak: critical role of Noxa-mediated lipid peroxidation.
O. Kutuk, E. D. Arisan, T. Tezil, M. C. Shoshan, and H. Basaga (2009)
Carcinogenesis 30, 1517-1527
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pleiotropic effects of negative energy balance in the postpartum dairy cow on splenic gene expression: repercussions for innate and adaptive immunity.
D. G. Morris, S. M. Waters, S. D. McCarthy, J. Patton, B. Earley, R. Fitzpatrick, J. J. Murphy, M. G. Diskin, D. A. Kenny, A. Brass, et al. (2009)
Physiol Genomics 39, 28-37
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Angiotensin II-Inducible Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Involves the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor, GATA-6 Activation, and FasL-Fas Engagement.
N. Y. Tan, J.-M. Li, R. Stocker, and L. M. Khachigian (2009)
Circ. Res. 105, 422-430
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cigarette Smoke Alters Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Apoptosis and Replication.
D. J. Groskreutz, M. M. Monick, E. C. Babor, T. Nyunoya, S. M. Varga, D. C. Look, and G. W. Hunninghake (2009)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 41, 189-198
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BAX/BAK-Independent Mitoptosis during Cell Death Induced by Proteasome Inhibition?.
E. Lomonosova, J. Ryerse, and G. Chinnadurai (2009)
Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 1268-1284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Real-Time Detection of Caspase-3-Like Protease Activation in Vivo Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer during Plant Programmed Cell Death Induced by Ultraviolet C Overexposure.
L. Zhang, Q. Xu, D. Xing, C. Gao, and H. Xiong (2009)
Plant Physiology 150, 1773-1783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation and pharmacology of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
D. B. Zorov, M. Juhaszova, Y. Yaniv, H. B. Nuss, S. Wang, and S. J. Sollott (2009)
Cardiovasc Res 83, 213-225
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Caspase-10-Mediated Heat Shock Protein 90{beta} Cleavage Promotes UVB Irradiation-Induced Cell Apoptosis.
H. Chen, Y. Xia, D. Fang, D. Hawke, and Z. Lu (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 3657-3664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PUMA Promotes Bax Translocation by Both Directly Interacting with Bax and by Competitive Binding to Bcl-XL during UV-induced Apoptosis.
Y. Zhang, D. Xing, and L. Liu (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 3077-3087
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fas-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling in the Mouse Brain following Reovirus Infection.
P. Clarke, J. D. Beckham, J. S. Leser, C. C. Hoyt, and K. L. Tyler (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 6161-6170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The VDAC1 N-terminus is essential both for apoptosis and the protective effect of anti-apoptotic proteins.
S. Abu-Hamad, N. Arbel, D. Calo, L. Arzoine, A. Israelson, N. Keinan, R. Ben-Romano, O. Friedman, and V. Shoshan-Barmatz (2009)
J. Cell Sci. 122, 1906-1916
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
N. Udar, S. R. Atilano, M. Memarzadeh, D. S. Boyer, M. Chwa, S. Lu, B. Maguen, J. Langberg, P. Coskun, D. C. Wallace, et al. (2009)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 2966-2974
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Mn-Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Neuroprotection by STAT3 in Mice after Cerebral Ischemia.
J. E. Jung, G. S. Kim, P. Narasimhan, Y. S. Song, and P. H. Chan (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 7003-7014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bcl-2 family on guard at the ER.
E. Szegezdi, D. C. MacDonald, T. Ni Chonghaile, S. Gupta, and A. Samali (2009)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C941-C953
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The antitumoral effect of Paris Saponin I associated with the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.
X. Xiao, P. Bai, T. M. Bui Nguyen, J. Xiao, S. Liu, G. Yang, L. Hu, X. Chen, X. Zhang, J. Liu, et al. (2009)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 8, 1179-1188
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ISC1-dependent Metabolic Adaptation Reveals an Indispensable Role for Mitochondria in Induction of Nuclear Genes during the Diauxic Shift in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
H. Kitagaki, L. A. Cowart, N. Matmati, D. Montefusco, J. Gandy, S. V. de Avalos, S. A. Novgorodov, J. Zheng, L. M. Obeid, and Y. A. Hannun (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 10818-10830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of LETM1 and MRPL36 Contributes to the Regulation of Mitochondrial ATP Production and Necrotic Cell Death.
L. Piao, Y. Li, S. J. Kim, H. S. Byun, S. M. Huang, S.-K. Hwang, K.-J. Yang, K. A. Park, M. Won, J. Hong, et al. (2009)
Cancer Res. 69, 3397-3404
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Caspase-independent type III programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the key role of the F-actin cytoskeleton.
S. Barbier, L. Chatre, M. Bras, P. Sancho, G. Roue, C. Virely, V. J. Yuste, S. Baudet, M. Rubio, J. E. Esquerda, et al. (2009)
Haematologica 94, 507-517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Participation of mitochondrial respiratory complex III in neutrophil activation and lung injury.
J. W. Zmijewski, E. Lorne, S. Banerjee, and E. Abraham (2009)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 296, L624-L634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Procyanidin Induces Apoptosis and Necrosis of Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3 in a Mitochondrion-Dependent Manner.
X. J. Shang, G. Yao, J. P. Ge, Y. Sun, W. H. Teng, and Y. F. Huang (2009)
J Androl 30, 122-126
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Programmed cell death and cancer.
Y Sun and Z-L Peng (2009)
Postgrad. Med. J. 85, 134-140
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bcl-2 Inhibitors: Targeting Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways in Cancer Therapy.
M. H. Kang and C. P. Reynolds (2009)
Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 1126-1132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Combined Therapeutic Effects of Bortezomib and Fenretinide on Neuroblastoma Cells Involve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response.
G. Pagnan, D. Di Paolo, R. Carosio, F. Pastorino, D. Marimpietri, C. Brignole, A. Pezzolo, M. Loi, L. J.V. Galietta, F. Piccardi, et al. (2009)
Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 1199-1209
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Bax/Bak ortholog in Drosophila, Debcl, exerts limited control over programmed cell death.
K. A. Galindo, W.-J. Lu, J. H. Park, and J. M. Abrams (2009)
Development 136, 275-283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial Dysregulation of Osteoarthritic Human Articular Chondrocytes Analyzed by Proteomics: A Decrease in Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Points to a Redox Imbalance.
C. Ruiz-Romero, V. Calamia, J. Mateos, V. Carreira, M. Martinez-Gomariz, M. Fernandez, and F. J. Blanco (2009)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 8, 172-189
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Expression Profiles in Zebrafish Brain after Acute Exposure to Domoic Acid at Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Doses.
K. A. Lefebvre, S. C. Tilton, T. K. Bammler, R. P. Beyer, S. Srinouanprachan, P. L. Stapleton, F. M. Farin, and E. P. Gallagher (2009)
Toxicol. Sci. 107, 65-77
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclosporine A treatment for Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy: a cellular study of mitochondrial dysfunction and its rescue.
D. Hicks, A. K. Lampe, S. H. Laval, V. Allamand, C. Jimenez-Mallebrera, M. C. Walter, F. Muntoni, S. Quijano-Roy, P. Richard, V. Straub, et al. (2009)
Brain 132, 147-155
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Critical Role of Bad Phosphorylation by Akt in Cytostatic Resistance of Human Bladder Cancer Cells.
A. SZANTO, Z. BOGNAR, A. SZIGETI, A. SZABO, L. FARKAS, and F. GALLYAS Jr. (2009)
Anticancer Res 29, 159-164
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Capsaicin-induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells.
S.-P. HUANG, J.-C. CHEN, C.-C. WU, C.-T. CHEN, N.-Y. TANG, Y.-T. HO, C. LO, J.-P. LIN, J.-G. CHUNG, and J.-G. LIN (2009)
Anticancer Res 29, 165-174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of Grape Seed Procyanidin-induced Apoptosis in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells.
C.-P. HSU, Y.-H. LIN, C.-C. CHOU, S.-P. ZHOU, Y.-C. HSU, C.-L. LIU, F.-M. KU, and Y.-C. CHUNG (2009)
Anticancer Res 29, 283-289
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Cells by Grape Seed Extract Occurs via Activation of c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase.
N. Gao, A. Budhraja, S. Cheng, H. Yao, Z. Zhang, and X. Shi (2009)
Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 140-149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Toll-like receptor signaling: a critical modulator of cell survival and ischemic injury in the heart.
W. Chao (2009)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296, H1-H12
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antagonism of E2F-1 regulated Bnip3 transcription by NF-{kappa}B is essential for basal cell survival.
J. Shaw, N. Yurkova, T. Zhang, H. Gang, F. Aguilar, D. Weidman, C. Scramstad, H. Weisman, and L. A. Kirshenbaum (2008)
PNAS 105, 20734-20739
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Challenge and promise: roles for Livin in progression and therapy of cancer.
L. Wang, Q. Zhang, B. Liu, M. Han, and B. Shan (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 3661-3669
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Granulosa Cell Apoptosis Induced by a Novel FSH Binding Inhibitory Peptide From Human Ovarian Follicular Fluid.
S. S. Chitnis, R. M. Navlakhe, G. C. Shinde, S. J. Barve, S. D'Souza, S. D. Mahale, and T. D. Nandedkar (2008)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 56, 961-968
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sulforaphane Enhances the Therapeutic Potential of TRAIL in Prostate Cancer Orthotopic Model through Regulation of Apoptosis, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis.
S. Shankar, S. Ganapathy, and R. K. Srivastava (2008)
Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 6855-6866
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Induced Endothelial Apoptosis by Perturbing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{delta} Transcriptional Pathway.
J.-Y. Liou, C.-C. Wu, B.-R. Chen, L. B. Yen, and K. K. Wu (2008)
Mol. Pharmacol. 74, 1399-1406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondria-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Programmed Cell Death Induced by 3,3'-Diindolylmethane through Inhibition of F0F1-ATP Synthase in Unicellular Protozoan Parasite Leishmania donovani.
A. Roy, A. Ganguly, S. BoseDasgupta, B. B. Das, C. Pal, P. Jaisankar, and H. K. Majumder (2008)
Mol. Pharmacol. 74, 1292-1307
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling.
N. Dobrosi, B. I. Toth, G. Nagy, A. Dozsa, T. Geczy, L. Nagy, C. C. Zouboulis, R. Paus, L. Kovacs, and T. Biro (2008)
FASEB J 22, 3685-3695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A 39-Year-Old Man With HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy.
J. Fuller (2008)
JAMA 300, 1056-1066
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3{beta} and ERK1/2 pathways mediate protective effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical neuronal cells.
H. Chung, S. Seo, M. Moon, and S. Park (2008)
J. Endocrinol. 198, 511-521
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Apoptosis leads to a degradation of vital components of active nuclear transport and a dissociation of the nuclear lamina.
A. Kramer, I. Liashkovich, H. Oberleithner, S. Ludwig, I. Mazur, and V. Shahin (2008)
PNAS 105, 11236-11241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Protective Role for Protein Phosphatase 1c{gamma}1 against Oxidative Stress-induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis.
I. Tchivilev, N. R. Madamanchi, A. E. Vendrov, X.-L. Niu, and M. S. Runge (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 22193-22205
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diallyl trisulfide increases the effectiveness of TRAIL and inhibits prostate cancer growth in an orthotopic model: molecular mechanisms.
S. Shankar, Q. Chen, S. Ganapathy, K. P. Singh, and R. K. Srivastava (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 2328-2338
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DE-71-Induced Apoptosis Involving Intracellular Calcium and the Bax-Mitochondria-Caspase Protease Pathway in Human Neuroblastoma Cells In Vitro.
K. Yu, Y. He, L. W. Y. Yeung, P. K. S. Lam, R. S. S. Wu, and B. Zhou (2008)
Toxicol. Sci. 104, 341-351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Superoxide-mediated proteasomal degradation of Bcl-2 determines cell susceptibility to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis.
N. Azad, A. K. V. Iyer, A. Manosroi, L. Wang, and Y. Rojanasakul (2008)
Carcinogenesis 29, 1538-1545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ischemic Postconditioning Inhibits Apoptosis After Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Rat.
B. Xing, H. Chen, M. Zhang, D. Zhao, R. Jiang, X. Liu, and S. Zhang (2008)
Stroke 39, 2362-2369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I Regulates Neutrophil Activation and Severity of Lung Injury.
J. W. Zmijewski, E. Lorne, X. Zhao, Y. Tsuruta, Y. Sha, G. Liu, G. P. Siegal, and E. Abraham (2008)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178, 168-179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial fission mediates high glucose-induced cell death through elevated production of reactive oxygen species.
T. Yu, S.-S. Sheu, J. L. Robotham, and Y. Yoon (2008)
Cardiovasc Res 79, 341-351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cysteine Cathepsins Trigger Caspase-dependent Cell Death through Cleavage of Bid and Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 Homologues.
G. Droga-Mazovec, L. Bojic, A. Petelin, S. Ivanova, R. Romih, U. Repnik, G. S. Salvesen, V. Stoka, V. Turk, and B. Turk (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 19140-19150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dependence of Reactive Oxygen Species and FLICE Inhibitory Protein on Lipofectamine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Epithelial Cells.
L. Kongkaneramit, N. Sarisuta, N. Azad, Y. Lu, A. K. V. Iyer, L. Wang, and Y. Rojanasakul (2008)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325, 969-977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of hypoxic neuronal death signaling by neuroglobin.
A. A. Khan, X. O. Mao, S. Banwait, C. M. DerMardirossian, G. M. Bokoch, K. Jin, and D. A. Greenberg (2008)
FASEB J 22, 1737-1747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Glucosamine protects neonatal cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury via increased protein O-GlcNAc and increased mitochondrial Bcl-2.
V. Champattanachai, R. B. Marchase, and J. C. Chatham (2008)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294, C1509-C1520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased inorganic phosphate induces human endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro.
G. S. Di Marco, M. Hausberg, U. Hillebrand, P. Rustemeyer, W. Wittkowski, D. Lang, and H. Pavenstadt (2008)
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294, F1381-F1387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Novel Protein MICS1 that is Involved in Maintenance of Mitochondrial Morphology and Apoptotic Release of Cytochrome c.
T. Oka, T. Sayano, S. Tamai, S. Yokota, H. Kato, G. Fujii, and K. Mihara (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 2597-2608
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
c-Myc and Caspase-2 Are Involved in Activating Bax during Cytotoxic Drug-induced Apoptosis.
X. Cao, R. L. Bennett, and W. S. May (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 14490-14496
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Lyssavirus-Induced Apoptosis.
A. Gholami, R. Kassis, E. Real, O. Delmas, S. Guadagnini, F. Larrous, D. Obach, M.-C. Prevost, Y. Jacob, and H. Bourhy (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 4774-4784
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regional remodeling strain and its association with myocardial apoptosis after myocardial infarction in an ovine model..
G. K. Yankey, T. Li, A. Kilic, G. Cheng, A. Satpute, K. Savai, S. Li, S. L. Moainie, D. Prastein, C. DeFillipi, et al. (2008)
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 135, 991-998.e2
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of Antileukemic Activity of the Novel Bcl-2 Homology Domain-3 Mimetic GX15-070 (Obatoclax).
M. Konopleva, J. Watt, R. Contractor, T. Tsao, D. Harris, Z. Estrov, W. Bornmann, H. Kantarjian, J. Viallet, I. Samudio, et al. (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 3413-3420
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Theiler's Virus-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in M1-D Macrophages Is Bax Mediated and Restricts Virus Infectivity: a Mechanism for Persistence of a Cytolytic Virus.
K.-N. Son, R. P. Becker, P. Kallio, and H. L. Lipton (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 4502-4510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Post-cardiac arrest management: more than global cooling?.
D. C. Bouch, J. P. Thompson, and M. S. Damian (2008)
Br. J. Anaesth. 100, 591-594
   Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanism of Synergy of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Retinamide and ABT-737 in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines: Mcl-1 Inactivation.
M. H. Kang, Z. Wan, Y. H. Kang, R. Sposto, and C. P. Reynolds (2008)
J Natl Cancer Inst 100, 580-595
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Regulation of Bax and Bak by Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 Family Proteins Bcl-B and Mcl-1.
D. Zhai, C. Jin, Z. Huang, A. C. Satterthwait, and J. C. Reed (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 9580-9586
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Unexpected Functional Link between Lysosomal Thiol Reductase and Mitochondrial Manganese Superoxide Dismutase.
B. Bogunovic, M. Stojakovic, L. Chen, and M. Maric (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 8855-8862
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms of varicose vein formation: valve dysfunction and wall dilation.
J D Raffetto and R A Khalil (2008)
Phlebology 23, 85-98
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Desflurane Affords Greater Protection Than Halothane in the Function of Mitochondria Against Forebrain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
B. Zhang, X. Wei, X. Cui, H. Zhou, W. Ding, and W. Li (2008)
Anesth. Analg. 106, 1242-1249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Xenon and Hypothermia Combine Additively, Offering Long-Term Functional and Histopathologic Neuroprotection After Neonatal Hypoxia/Ischemia.
C. Hobbs, M. Thoresen, A. Tucker, K. Aquilina, E. Chakkarapani, and J. Dingley (2008)
Stroke 39, 1307-1313
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein-Overexpressing Teniposide-Resistant Human Lymphomas Undergo Apoptosis by a Tubulin-Binding Agent.
R. Aneja, M. Liu, C. Yates, J. Gao, X. Dong, B. Zhou, S. N. Vangapandu, J. Zhou, and H. C. Joshi (2008)
Cancer Res. 68, 1495-1503
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Apple procyanidins induce tumor cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway activation of caspase-3.
T. Miura, M. Chiba, K. Kasai, H. Nozaka, T. Nakamura, T. Shoji, T. Kanda, Y. Ohtake, and T. Sato (2008)
Carcinogenesis 29, 585-593
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA suppression of ERK2 leads to collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential with acute oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells.
J. M. Flynn, D. A. Lannigan, D. E. Clark, M. H. Garner, and P. R. Cammarata (2008)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294, E589-E599
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Cell Cycle Factor E2F-1 Activates Bnip3 and the Intrinsic Death Pathway in Ventricular Myocytes.
N. Yurkova, J. Shaw, K. Blackie, D. Weidman, R. Jayas, B. Flynn, and L. A. Kirshenbaum (2008)
Circ. Res. 102, 472-479
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Morphological and biochemical changes in the Harderian gland of hypothyroid rats.
R. Monteforte, A. Santillo, A. Lanni, S. D'Aniello, and G. C. Baccari (2008)
J. Exp. Biol. 211, 606-612
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Regulates Cytochrome c Release for Apoptosis during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Remodeling the Cristae Junction.
D. Zhang, C. Lu, M. Whiteman, B. Chance, and J. S. Armstrong (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 3476-3486
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Programmed cell death in plants: distinguishing between different modes.
T. J. Reape, E. M. Molony, and P. F. McCabe (2008)
J. Exp. Bot.
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The hypersensitive response; the centenary is upon us but how much do we know?.
L. A. J. Mur, P. Kenton, A. J. Lloyd, H. Ougham, and E. Prats (2008)
J. Exp. Bot. 59, 501-520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetic Model for Ca2+-induced Permeability Transition in Energized Liver Mitochondria Discriminates between Inhibitor Mechanisms.
S. V. Baranov, I. G. Stavrovskaya, A. M. Brown, A. M. Tyryshkin, and B. S. Kristal (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 665-676
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pivotal Role of the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 in Apoptosis and Autophagy.
K. Fujiwara, S. Daido, A. Yamamoto, R. Kobayashi, T. Yokoyama, H. Aoki, E. Iwado, N. Shinojima, Y. Kondo, and S. Kondo (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 388-397
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Mitochondrial and Oxidative Injury in BDE 47 Toxicity to Human Fetal Liver Hematopoietic Stem Cells.
J. Shao, C. C. White, M. J. Dabrowski, T. J. Kavanagh, M. L. Eckert, and E. P. Gallagher (2008)
Toxicol. Sci. 101, 81-90
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular mechanism of black tea polyphenols induced apoptosis in human skin cancer cells: involvement of Bax translocation and mitochondria mediated death cascade.
B. Halder, U. Bhattacharya, S. Mukhopadhyay, and A. K. Giri (2008)
Carcinogenesis 29, 129-138
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Peroxide Is a Key Mediator of Bcl-2 Down-Regulation and Apoptosis Induction by Cisplatin in Human Lung Cancer Cells.
L. Wang, P. Chanvorachote, D. Toledo, C. Stehlik, R. R. Mercer, V. Castranova, and Y. Rojanasakul (2008)
Mol. Pharmacol. 73, 119-127
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Exercise enhances myocardial ischemic tolerance via an opioid receptor-dependent mechanism.
E. W. Dickson, C. P. Hogrefe, P. S. Ludwig, L. W. Ackermann, L. L. Stoll, and G. M. Denning (2008)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294, H402-H408
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ARMS Depletion Facilitates UV Irradiation Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Melanoma.
Y.-H. Liao, S.-M. Hsu, and P.-H. Huang (2007)
Cancer Res. 67, 11547-11556
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Organ Culture and Optisol-GS Storage on Structural Integrity, Phenotypes, and Apoptosis in Cultured Corneal Epithelium.
S. Raeder, T. P. Utheim, O. A. Utheim, B. Nicolaissen, B. Roald, Y. Cai, K. Haug, A. Kvalheim, E. B. Messelt, L. Drolsum, et al. (2007)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 5484-5493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sublethal concentrations of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) alter mitochondrial ultrastructure and function without reducing mitochondrial DNA content in BxPC-3 human pancreatic carcinoma cells.
T. Yeo, J Kintner, R Armand, R Perez, and L. Lewis (2007)
Human and Experimental Toxicology 26, 911-921
   Abstract »    PDF »
Cellular Defense Mechanisms against Benzo[a]pyrene in Testicular Leydig Cells: Implications of p53, Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor, and Cytochrome P450 1A1 Status.
J.-Y. Chung, J. Y. Kim, Y.-J. Kim, S. J. Jung, J.-E. Park, S. G. Lee, J. T. Kim, S. Oh, C. J. Lee, Y.-D. Yoon, et al. (2007)
Endocrinology 148, 6134-6144
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)