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Science 17 July 1998:
Vol. 281. no. 5375, pp. 375 - 388
DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5375.375
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Research Articles

Complete Genome Sequence of Treponema pallidum, the Syphilis Spirochete

Claire M. Fraser, * Steven J. Norris, George M. Weinstock, Owen White, Granger G. Sutton, Robert Dodson, Michelle Gwinn, Erin K. Hickey, Rebecca Clayton, Karen A. Ketchum, Erica Sodergren, John M. Hardham, Michael P. McLeod, Steven Salzberg, Jeremy Peterson, Hanif Khalak, Delwood Richardson, Jerrilyn K. Howell, Monjula Chidambaram, Teresa Utterback, Lisa McDonald, Patricia Artiach, Cheryl Bowman, Matthew D. Cotton, Claire Fujii, Stacey Garland, Bonnie Hatch, Kurt Horst, Kevin Roberts, Mina Sandusky, Janice Weidman, Hamilton O. Smith, J. Craig Venter

The complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum was determined and shown to be 1,138,006 base pairs containing 1041 predicted coding sequences (open reading frames). Systems for DNA replication, transcription, translation, and repair are intact, but catabolic and biosynthetic activities are minimized. The number of identifiable transporters is small, and no phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase carbohydrate transporters were found. Potential virulence factors include a family of 12 potential membrane proteins and several putative hemolysins. Comparison of the T. pallidum genome sequence with that of another pathogenic spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, identified unique and common genes and substantiates the considerable diversity observed among pathogenic spirochetes.

C. M. Fraser, O. White, G. G. Sutton, R. Dodson, M. Gwinn, E. K. Hickey, R. Clayton, K. A. Ketchum, S. Salzberg, J. Peterson, H. Khalak, D. Richardson, T. Utterback, L. McDonald, P. Artiach, C. Bowman, M. D. Cotton, C. Fujii, S. Garland, B. Hatch, K. Horst, K. Roberts, M. Sandusky, J. Weidman, H. O. Smith, and J. C. Venter are with The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. S. J. Norris, G. M. Weinstock, E. Sodergren, J. M. Hardham, M. P. McLeod, J. K. Howell, and M. Chidambaram are at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Center for the Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Post Office Box 20708, Houston, TX 77225, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tpdb{at}tigr.org

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J. Bacteriol. 185, 6262-6268
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B. T. Leader, K. Hevner, B. J. Molini, L. K. Barrett, W. C. Van Voorhis, and S. A. Lukehart (2003)
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H. Bauby, I. Saint Girons, and M. Picardeau (2003)
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Segregation of B and T Cell Epitopes of Treponema pallidum Repeat Protein K to Variable and Conserved Regions During Experimental Syphilis Infection.
C. A. Morgan, B. J. Molini, S. A. Lukehart, and W. C. Van Voorhis (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 952-957
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Investigating the Relationship Between Genome Structure, Composition, and Ecology in Prokaryotes.
P. Lio (2002)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 789-800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Asymmetrical flagellar rotation in Borrelia burgdorferi nonchemotactic mutants.
C. Li, R. G. Bakker, Md. A. Motaleb, M. L. Sartakova, F. C. Cabello, and N. W. Charon (2002)
PNAS 99, 6169-6174
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Evolutionary Analysis by Whole-Genome Comparisons.
(2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 2260-2272
The Crystal Structure of Zn(II)-Free Treponema pallidum TroA, a Periplasmic Metal-Binding Protein, Reveals a Closed Conformation.
Y.-H. Lee, M. R. Dorwart, K. R. O. Hazlett, R. K. Deka, M. V. Norgard, J. D. Radolf, and C. A. Hasemann (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 2300-2304
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Structure of the full-length HPr kinase/phosphatase from Staphylococcus xylosus at 1.95 A resolution: Mimicking the product/substrate of the phospho transfer reactions.
J. A. Marquez, S. Hasenbein, B. Koch, S. Fieulaine, S. Nessler, R. B. Russell, W. Hengstenberg, and K. Scheffzek (2002)
PNAS 99, 3458-3463
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{alpha}-Crystallin-Type Heat Shock Proteins: Socializing Minichaperones in the Context of a Multichaperone Network.
F. Narberhaus (2002)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66, 64-93
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BAC Library of T. pallidum DNA in E. coli.
D. Smajs, M. McKevitt, L. Wang, J. K. Howell, S. J. Norris, T. Palzkill, and G. M. Weinstock (2002)
Genome Res. 12, 515-522
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inactivation of the Spirochete recA Gene Results in a Mutant with Low Viability and Irregular Nucleoid Morphology.
A.-P. T. Kameni, E. Couture-Tosi, I. Saint-Girons, and M. Picardeau (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 452-458
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Syphilis in Clinical Psychiatry: A Review.
B. Hutto (2001)
Psychosomatics 42, 453-460
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Characterization of Thermoinduced Immunogenic Proteins Q1p42 and Hsp15 of Leptospira interrogans.
J. E. Nally, S. Artiushin, and J. F. Timoney (2001)
Infect. Immun. 69, 7616-7624
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presence of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Species in All Subgroups of the PPi-Dependent Group II Phosphofructokinase Protein Family.
M. Muller, J. A. Lee, P. Gordon, T. Gaasterland, and C. W. Sensen (2001)
J. Bacteriol. 183, 6714-6716
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Killing Effect and Antitoxic Activity of the Leptospira interrogans Toxin-Antitoxin System in Escherichia coli.
M. Picardeau, S. Ren, and I. Saint Girons (2001)
J. Bacteriol. 183, 6494-6497
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Motility and Chemotaxis in Tissue Penetration of Oral Epithelial Cell Layers by Treponema denticola.
R. Lux, J. N. Miller, N.-H. Park, and W. Shi (2001)
Infect. Immun. 69, 6276-6283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic analysis of the erythromycin resistance element Tn5398 from Clostridium difficile.
K. A. Farrow, D. Lyras, and J. I. Rood (2001)
Microbiology 147, 2717-2728
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Understanding the physiology of difficult, pathogenic bacteria from analysis of their genome sequences.
(2001)
J. Med. Microbiol. 50, 843-846
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Sodium Ion Cycle in Bacterial Pathogens: Evidence from Cross-Genome Comparisons.
C. C. Hase, N. D. Fedorova, M. Y. Galperin, and P. A. Dibrov (2001)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65, 353-370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treponema pallidum 3-Phosphoglycerate Mutase Is a Heat-Labile Enzyme That May Limit the Maximum Growth Temperature for the Spirochete.
S. Benoit, J. E. Posey, M. R. Chenoweth, and F. C. Gherardini (2001)
J. Bacteriol. 183, 4702-4708
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The cryptic ushA gene (ushAc) in natural isolates of Salmonella enterica (serotype Typhimurium) has been inactivated by a single missense mutation.
D. Innes, I. R. Beacham, C.-A. Beven, M. Douglas, M. W. Laird, J. C. Joly, and D. M. Burns (2001)
Microbiology 147, 1887-1896
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Genes Lost and Genes Found: Evolution of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Symbiosis.
H. Ochman and N. A. Moran (2001)
Science 292, 1096-1099
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The Tprk Protein of Treponema pallidum Is Periplasmic and Is Not a Target of Opsonic Antibody or Protective Immunity.
K. R.O. Hazlett, T. J. Sellati, T. T. Nguyen, D. L. Cox, M. L. Clawson, M. J. Caimano, and J. D. Radolf (2001)
J. Exp. Med. 193, 1015-1026
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P13, an Integral Membrane Protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, Is C-Terminally Processed and Contains Surface-Exposed Domains.
L. Noppa, Y. Ostberg, M. Lavrinovicha, and S. Bergstrom (2001)
Infect. Immun. 69, 3323-3334
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Insertion of fluorescent fatty acid probes into the outer membranes of the pathogenic spirochaetes Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi.
D. L. Cox and J. D. Radolf (2001)
Microbiology 147, 1161-1169
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The Cutaneous Response in Humans to Treponema pallidum Lipoprotein Analogues Involves Cellular Elements of Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity.
T. J. Sellati, S. L. Waldrop, J. C. Salazar, P. R. Bergstresser, L. J. Picker, and J. D. Radolf (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 4131-4140
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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