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Science 19 June 1998:
Vol. 280. no. 5371, pp. 1884 - 1888
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5371.1884
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Articles

The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Fusogens, Antigens, and Immunogens

Richard Wyatt, Joseph Sodroski *

The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins interact with receptors on the target cell and mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and cell membranes. The structure of the envelope glycoproteins has evolved to fulfill these functions while evading the neutralizing antibody response. An understanding of the viral strategies for immune evasion should guide attempts to improve the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and, ultimately, aid in HIV-1 vaccine development.

R. Wyatt is in the Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. J. Sodroski is in the Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: joseph_sodroski{at}dfci.harvard.edu

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Multiple and multivalent interactions of novel anti-AIDS drug candidates, sulfated polymannuronate (SPMG)-derived oligosaccharides, with gp120 and their anti-HIV activities.
H. Liu, M. Geng, X. Xin, F. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Li, and J. Ding (2005)
Glycobiology 15, 501-510
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Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Efficiently Use CCR5 Lacking the Tyrosine-Sulfated Amino Terminus Have Adaptive Mutations in gp120, Including Loss of a Functional N-Glycan.
E. J. Platt, D. M. Shea, P. P. Rose, and D. Kabat (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 4357-4368
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Galectin-1 Acts as a Soluble Host Factor That Promotes HIV-1 Infectivity through Stabilization of Virus Attachment to Host Cells.
M. Ouellet, S. Mercier, I. Pelletier, S. Bounou, J. Roy, J. Hirabayashi, S. Sato, and M. J. Tremblay (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 4120-4126
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The CCR5 Receptor-Based Mechanism of Action of 873140, a Potent Allosteric Noncompetitive HIV Entry Inhibitor.
C. Watson, S. Jenkinson, W. Kazmierski, and T. Kenakin (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1268-1282
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Stoichiometry of Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
X. Yang, S. Kurteva, S. Lee, and J. Sodroski (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 3500-3508
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Trimeric Membrane-anchored gp41 Inhibits HIV Membrane Fusion.
O. Lenz, M. T. Dittmar, A. Wagner, B. Ferko, K. Vorauer-Uhl, G. Stiegler, and W. Weissenhorn (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 4095-4101
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Entropy Calculation of HIV-1 Env gp120, its Receptor CD4, and their Complex: An Analysis of Configurational Entropy Changes upon Complexation.
S.-T. D. Hsu, C. Peter, W. F. van Gunsteren, and A. M. J. J. Bonvin (2005)
Biophys. J. 88, 15-24
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Surface Stability and Immunogenicity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein: Role of the Cytoplasmic Domain.
L. Ye, Z. Bu, A. Vzorov, D. Taylor, R. W. Compans, and C. Yang (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 13409-13419
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CXCR4-Tropic HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Functions as a Viral Chemokine in Unstimulated Primary CD4+ T Lymphocytes.
K. Balabanian, J. Harriague, C. Decrion, B. Lagane, S. Shorte, F. Baleux, J.-L. Virelizier, F. Arenzana-Seisdedos, and L. A. Chakrabarti (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 7150-7160
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Characterization of the Outer Domain of the gp120 Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
X. Yang, V. Tomov, S. Kurteva, L. Wang, X. Ren, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and J. Sodroski (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 12975-12986
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Tracking global patterns of N-linked glycosylation site variation in highly variable viral glycoproteins: HIV, SIV, and HCV envelopes and influenza hemagglutinin.
M. Zhang, B. Gaschen, W. Blay, B. Foley, N. Haigwood, C. Kuiken, and B. Korber (2004)
Glycobiology 14, 1229-1246
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Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection and Implications for Exposure of the 2G12 Epitope.
L. Dacheux, A. Moreau, Y. Ataman-Onal, F. Biron, B. Verrier, and F. Barin (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 12625-12637
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Infection of Specific Dendritic Cells by CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Viru