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Science 5 September 1997:
Vol. 277. no. 5331, pp. 1453 - 1462
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453
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Articles

The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12

Frederick R. Blattner, * Guy Plunkett III, * Craig A. Bloch, Nicole T. Perna, Valerie Burland, Monica Riley, Julio Collado-Vides, Jeremy D. Glasner, Christopher K. Rode, George F. Mayhew, Jason Gregor, Nelson Wayne Davis, Heather A. Kirkpatrick, Michael A. Goeden, Debra J. Rose, Bob Mau, Ying Shao

The 4,639,221-base pair sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 is presented. Of 4288 protein-coding genes annotated, 38 percent have no attributed function. Comparison with five other sequenced microbes reveals ubiquitous as well as narrowly distributed gene families; many families of similar genes within E. coli are also evident. The largest family of paralogous proteins contains 80 ABC transporters. The genome as a whole is strikingly organized with respect to the local direction of replication; guanines, oligonucleotides possibly related to replication and recombination, and most genes are so oriented. The genome also contains insertion sequence (IS) elements, phage remnants, and many other patches of unusual composition indicating genome plasticity through horizontal transfer.

F. R. Blattner, G. Plunkett III, N. T. Perna, J. D. Glasner, G. F. Mayhew, J. Gregor, N. W. Davis, H. A. Kirkpatrick, M. A. Goeden, D. J. Rose, B. Mau, and Y. Shao are at the Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA. C. A. Bloch and C. K. Rode are in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. V. Burland is at FMC Bioproducts, 191 Thomaston Street, Rockland, ME 04841, USA. M. Riley is at Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. J. Collado-Vides is at the Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca A.P. 565-A, Morelos 62100, México.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ecoli{at}genetics.wisc.edu

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Microbiology 154, 1271-1280
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The R1 Conjugative Plasmid Increases Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation through an Envelope Stress Response.
X. Yang, Q. Ma, and T. K. Wood (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 2690-2699
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Real-time kinetics of restriction-modification gene expression after entry into a new host cell.
I. Mruk and R. M. Blumenthal (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 2581-2593
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Evolution of the iss Gene in Escherichia coli.
T. J. Johnson, Y. M. Wannemuehler, and L. K. Nolan (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 2360-2369
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Characterization of a yjjQ mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC).
G. Li, C. Ewers, C. Laturnus, I. Diehl, K. Alt, J. Dai, E.-M. Antao, K. Schnetz, and L. H. Wieler (2008)
Microbiology 154, 1082-1093
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The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli DH10B: Insights into the Biology of a Laboratory Workhorse.
T. Durfee, R. Nelson, S. Baldwin, G. Plunkett III, V. Burland, B. Mau, J. F. Petrosino, X. Qin, D. M. Muzny, M. Ayele, et al. (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 2597-2606
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Differential Substrate Specificity and Kinetic Behavior of Escherichia coli YfdW and Oxalobacter formigenes Formyl Coenzyme A Transferase.
C. G. Toyota, C. L. Berthold, A. Gruez, S. Jonsson, Y. Lindqvist, C. Cambillau, and N. G. J. Richards (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 2556-2564
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DNA Gyrase from the Albicidin Producer Xanthomonas albilineans Has Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistance and Unusual Enzymatic Properties.
S. M. Hashimi, G. Huang, A. Maxwell, and R. G. Birch (2008)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1382-1390
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