Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 16 May 1997:
Vol. 276. no. 5315, pp. 1109 - 1112
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5315.1109
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Reversible Unfolding of Individual Titin Immunoglobulin Domains by AFM

Matthias Rief, Mathias Gautel, Filipp Oesterhelt, Julio M. Fernandez, Hermann E. Gaub *

Single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the mechanical properties of titin, the giant sarcomeric protein of striated muscle. Individual titin molecules were repeatedly stretched, and the applied force was recorded as a function of the elongation. At large extensions, the restoring force exhibited a sawtoothlike pattern, with a periodicity that varied between 25 and 28 nanometers. Measurements of recombinant titin immunoglobulin segments of two different lengths exhibited the same pattern and allowed attribution of the discontinuities to the unfolding of individual immunoglobulin domains. The forces required to unfold individual domains ranged from 150 to 300 piconewtons and depended on the pulling speed. Upon relaxation, refolding of immunoglobulin domains was observed.

M. Rief, F. Oesterhelt, H. E. Gaub, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany.
M. Gautel, Biological Structures Division, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Postfach 102209, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
J. M. Fernandez, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Naturally Occurring Mutations Alter the Stability of Polycystin-1 Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) Domains.
L. Ma, M. Xu, J. R. Forman, J. Clarke, and A. F. Oberhauser (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 32942-32949
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pectin May Hinder the Unfolding of Xyloglucan Chains during Cell Deformation: Implications of the Mechanical Performance of Arabidopsis Hypocotyls with Pectin Alterations.
W. Abasolo, M. Eder, K. Yamauchi, N. Obel, A. Reinecke, L. Neumetzler, J. W.C. Dunlop, G. Mouille, M. Pauly, H. Hofte, et al. (2009)
Mol Plant
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-molecule force spectroscopy distinguishes target binding modes of calmodulin.
J. P. Junker and M. Rief (2009)
PNAS 106, 14361-14366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
On the remarkable mechanostability of scaffoldins and the mechanical clamp motif.
A. Valbuena, J. Oroz, R. Hervas, A. M. Vera, D. Rodriguez, M. Menendez, J. I. Sulkowska, M. Cieplak, and M. Carrion-Vazquez (2009)
PNAS 106, 13791-13796
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substrate Binding Tunes Conformational Flexibility and Kinetic Stability of an Amino Acid Antiporter.
C. A. Bippes, A. Zeltina, F. Casagrande, M. Ratera, M. Palacin, D. J. Muller, and D. Fotiadis (2009)
J. Biol. Chem. 284, 18651-18663
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Atomic force microscopy of the morphology and mechanical behaviour of barnacle cyprid footprint proteins at the nanoscale.
I. Y. Phang, N. Aldred, X. Y. Ling, J. Huskens, A. S. Clare, and G. J. Vancso (2009)
J R Soc Interface
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Demonstration of catch bonds between an integrin and its ligand.
F. Kong, A. J. Garcia, A. P. Mould, M. J. Humphries, and C. Zhu (2009)
J. Cell Biol. 185, 1275-1284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-molecule mechanics: New insights from the escape-over-a-barrier problem.
O. K. Dudko (2009)
PNAS 106, 8795-8796
   Full Text »    PDF »
Geometry- and velocity-constrained cohesive zones and mixed-mode fracture/adhesion energy of interfaces with periodic cohesive interactions.
B. Chen, P. Wu, and H. Gao (2009)
Proc R Soc A 465, 1043-1053
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Visualizing myosin-actin interaction with a genetically-encoded fluorescent strain sensor.
S. Iwai and T. Q. P. Uyeda (2008)
PNAS 105, 16882-16887
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Theory, analysis, and interpretation of single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments.
O. K. Dudko, G. Hummer, and A. Szabo (2008)
PNAS 105, 15755-15760
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanoenzymatics of titin kinase.
E. M. Puchner, A. Alexandrovich, A. L. Kho, U. Hensen, L. V. Schafer, B. Brandmeier, F. Grater, H. Grubmuller, H. E. Gaub, and M. Gautel (2008)
PNAS 105, 13385-13390
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single molecule force spectroscopy reveals engineered metal chelation is a general approach to enhance mechanical stability of proteins.
Y. Cao, T. Yoo, and H. Li (2008)
PNAS 105, 11152-11157
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Measuring molecular rupture forces between single actin filaments and actin-binding proteins.
J. M. Ferrer, H. Lee, J. Chen, B. Pelz, F. Nakamura, R. D. Kamm, and M. J. Lang (2008)
PNAS 105, 9221-9226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nanobiomechanics of proteins and biomembrane.
A. Ikai (2008)
Phil Trans R Soc B 363, 2163-2171
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanical Biochemistry of Proteins One Molecule at a Time.
A. F. Oberhauser and M. Carrion-Vazquez (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 6617-6621
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Muscle performance in a soft-bodied terrestrial crawler: constitutive modelling of strain-rate dependency.
A. L. Dorfmann, W. A Woods Jr, and B. A Trimmer (2008)
J R Soc Interface 5, 349-362
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Solvent molecules bridge the mechanical unfolding transition state of a protein.
L. Dougan, G. Feng, H. Lu, and J. M. Fernandez (2008)
PNAS 105, 3185-3190
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vertebrate Membrane Proteins: Structure, Function, and Insights from Biophysical Approaches.
D. J. Muller, N. Wu, and K. Palczewski (2008)
Pharmacol. Rev. 60, 43-78
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Atomic force microscopy reveals parallel mechanical unfolding pathways of T4 lysozyme: Evidence for a kinetic partitioning mechanism.
Q. Peng and H. Li (2008)
PNAS 105, 1885-1890
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-molecule biophysics: at the interface of biology, physics and chemistry.
A. A Deniz, S. Mukhopadhyay, and E. A Lemke (2008)
J R Soc Interface 5, 15-45
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Mycobacterial Adhesin-Adhesin Interactions.
C. Verbelen, D. Raze, F. Dewitte, C. Locht, and Y. F. Dufrene (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 8801-8806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Measuring Protein Mechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy.
M. Rabbi and P. E. Marszalek (2007)
CSH Protocols 2007, pdb.prot4901
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Synergic mechanism and fabrication target for bipedal nanomotors.
Z. Wang (2007)
PNAS 104, 17921-17926
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A functional single-molecule binding assay via force spectroscopy.
Y. Cao, M. M. Balamurali, D. Sharma, and H. Li (2007)
PNAS 104, 15677-15681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nanomechanical properties of glucans and associated cell-surface adhesion of Streptococcus mutans probed by atomic force microscopy under in situ conditions.
S. E. Cross, J. Kreth, L. Zhu, R. Sullivan, W. Shi, F. Qi, and J. K. Gimzewski (2007)
Microbiology 153, 3124-3132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Forced Unfolding of Proteins Within Cells.
C. P. Johnson, H.-Y. Tang, C. Carag, D. W. Speicher, and D. E. Discher (2007)
Science 317, 663-666
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Designing an extracellular matrix protein with enhanced mechanical stability.
S. P. Ng, K. S. Billings, T. Ohashi, M. D. Allen, R. B. Best, L. G. Randles, H. P. Erickson, and J. Clarke (2007)
PNAS 104, 9633-9637
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals a mechanically stable protein fold and the rational tuning of its mechanical stability.
D. Sharma, O. Perisic, Q. Peng, Y. Cao, C. Lam, H. Lu, and H. Li (2007)
PNAS 104, 9278-9283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-Molecule Experiments in Vitro and in Silico.
M. Sotomayor and K. Schulten (2007)
Science 316, 1144-1148
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signatures of hydrophobic collapse in extended proteins captured with force spectroscopy.
K. A. Walther, F. Grater, L. Dougan, C. L. Badilla, B. J. Berne, and J. M. Fernandez (2007)
PNAS 104, 7916-7921
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A hybrid polymer gel with controlled rates of cross-link rupture and self-repair.
F. R Kersey, D. M Loveless, and S. L Craig (2007)
J R Soc Interface 4, 373-380
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The role of calcium and magnesium in the concrete tubes of the sandcastle worm.
C. Sun, G. E. Fantner, J. Adams, P. K. Hansma, and J. H. Waite (2007)
J. Exp. Biol. 210, 1481-1488
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stabilizing Effect of Zn2+ in Native Bovine Rhodopsin.
P. S.-H. Park, K. T. Sapra, M. Kolinski, S. Filipek, K. Palczewski, and D. J. Muller (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 11377-11385
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A novel pattern recognition algorithm to classify membrane protein unfolding pathways with high-throughput single-molecule force spectroscopy.
A. Marsico, D. Labudde, T. Sapra, D. J. Muller, and M. Schroeder (2007)
Bioinformatics 23, e231-e236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the nanoscale properties of individual amyloid fibrils.
J. F. Smith, T. P. J. Knowles, C. M. Dobson, C. E. MacPhee, and M. E. Welland (2006)
PNAS 103, 15806-15811
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anisotropic deformation response of single protein molecules.
H. Dietz, F. Berkemeier, M. Bertz, and M. Rief (2006)
PNAS 103, 12724-12728
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Residual force enhancement in skeletal muscle.
W. Herzog, E. J. Lee, and D. E. Rassier (2006)
J. Physiol. 574, 635-642
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Covalent chemistry on distended proteins.
D. E. Discher, N. Bhasin, and C. P. Johnson (2006)
PNAS 103, 7533-7534
   Full Text »    PDF »
The molecular elasticity of the insect flight muscle proteins projectin and kettin.
B. Bullard, T. Garcia, V. Benes, M. C. Leake, W. A. Linke, and A. F. Oberhauser (2006)
PNAS 103, 4451-4456
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteoglycan Mechanics Studied by Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy of Allotypic Cell Adhesion Glycans.
S. Garcia-Manyes, I. Bucior, R. Ros, D. Anselmetti, F. Sanz, M. M. Burger, and X. Fernandez-Busquets (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 5992-5999
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein structure by mechanical triangulation.
H. Dietz and M. Rief (2006)
PNAS 103, 1244-1247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple stepwise refolding of immunoglobulin domain I27 upon force quench depends on initial conditions.
M. S. Li, C.-K. Hu, D. K. Klimov, and D. Thirumalai (2006)
PNAS 103, 93-98
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Nanomechanics of Polycystin-1 Extracellular Region.
F. Qian, W. Wei, G. Germino, and A. Oberhauser (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40723-40730
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isoform Diversity of Giant Proteins in Relation to Passive and Active Contractile Properties of Rabbit Skeletal Muscles.
L. G. Prado, I. Makarenko, C. Andresen, M. Kruger, C. A. Opitz, and W. A. Linke (2005)
J. Gen. Physiol. 126, 461-480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of protein structure on mitochondrial import.
A. J. Wilcox, J. Choy, C. Bustamante, and A. Matouschek (2005)
PNAS 102, 15435-15440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of passive force in single skeletal muscle fibres.
D. E Rassier, E.-J. Lee, and W. Herzog (2005)
Biol Lett 1, 342-345
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Putative mineral-specific proteins synthesized by a metal reducing bacterium.
B. H. Lower, M. F. Hochella Jr., and S. K. Lower (2005)
Am J Sci 305, 687-710
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chemical Theory and Computation Special Feature: Structural dynamics of the lac repressor-DNA complex revealed by a multiscale simulation.
E. Villa, A. Balaeff, and K. Schulten (2005)
PNAS 102, 6783-6788
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simultaneous Force and Fluorescence Measurements of a Protein That Forms a Bond between a Living Bacterium and a Solid Surface.
B. H. Lower, R. Yongsunthon, F. P. Vellano III, and S. K. Lower (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 2127-2137
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reversible Mechanical Unzipping of Amyloid {beta}-Fibrils.
M. S. Z. Kellermayer, L. Grama, A. Karsai, A. Nagy, A. Kahn, Z. L. Datki, and B. Penke (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 8464-8470
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Elasticity of Individual Titin PEVK Exons Measured by Single Molecule Atomic Force Microscopy.
A. Sarkar, S. Caamano, and J. M. Fernandez (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 6261-6264
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Exploring the energy landscape of GFP by single-molecule mechanical experiments.
H. Dietz and M. Rief (2004)
PNAS 101, 16192-16197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chemistry on a Single Protein, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, during Forced Unfolding.
N. Bhasin, P. Carl, S. Harper, G. Feng, H. Lu, D. W. Speicher, and D. E. Discher (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45865-45874
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Response to Comment on "Force-Clamp Spectroscopy Monitors the Folding Trajectory of a Single Protein".
J. M. Fernandez, H. Li, and J. Brujic (2004)
Science 306, 411c
   Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of Atomic Force Microscopy Interaction Forces between Bacteria and Silicon Nitride Substrata for Three Commonly Used Immobilization Methods.
V. Vadillo-Rodriguez, H. J. Busscher, W. Norde, J. de Vries, R. J. B. Dijkstra, I. Stokroos, and H. C. van der Mei (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 5441-5446
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The unfolding kinetics of ubiquitin captured with single-molecule force-clamp techniques.
M. Schlierf, H. Li, and J. M. Fernandez (2004)
PNAS 101, 7299-7304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Force-Clamp Spectroscopy Monitors the Folding Trajectory of a Single Protein.
J. M. Fernandez and H. Li (2004)
Science 303, 1674-1678
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of the Chaperone {alpha}B-crystallin with Titin in Heart Muscle.
B. Bullard, C. Ferguson, A. Minajeva, M. C. Leake, M. Gautel, D. Labeit, L. Ding, S. Labeit, J. Horwitz, K. R. Leonard, et al. (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7917-7924
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Considerations on the history dependence of muscle contraction.
D. E. Rassier and W. Herzog (2004)
J Appl Physiol 96, 419-427
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonlinear elasticity, proteinquakes, and the energy landscapes of functional transitions in proteins.
O. Miyashita, J. N. Onuchic, and P. G. Wolynes (2003)
PNAS 100, 12570-12575
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the passive component of force enhancement following active stretching of skeletal muscle.
W. Herzog, R. Schachar, and T. R. Leonard (2003)
J. Exp. Biol. 206, 3635-3643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Beyond the conventional description of dynamic force spectroscopy of adhesion bonds.
O. K. Dudko, A. E. Filippov, J. Klafter, and M. Urbakh (2003)
PNAS 100, 11378-11381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The ins and outs of fibronectin matrix assembly.
I. Wierzbicka-Patynowski and J. E. Schwarzbauer (2003)
J. Cell Sci. 116, 3269-3276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA: A Programmable Force Sensor.
C. Albrecht, K. Blank, M. Lalic-Multhaler, S. Hirler, T. Mai, I. Gilbert, S. Schiffmann, T. Bayer, H. Clausen-Schaumann, and H. E. Gaub (2003)
Science 301, 367-370
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Forcing Chromatin.
J. Zlatanova (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 23213-23216
   Full Text »    PDF »
Titin Determines the Frank-Starling Relation in Early Diastole.
M. Helmes, C. C. Lim, R. Liao, A. Bharti, L. Cui, and D. B. Sawyer (2003)
J. Gen. Physiol. 121, 97-110
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simultaneous Imaging and Functional Assessment of Cytoskeletal Protein Connections in Passively Loaded Single Muscle Cells.
S. B. Shah and R. L. Lieber (2003)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51, 19-29
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A simple method for probing the mechanical unfolding pathway of proteins in detail.
R. B. Best, S. B. Fowler, J. L. Toca-Herrera, and J. Clarke (2002)
PNAS 99, 12143-12148
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of RNA flexibility by scanning force spectroscopy.
M. Bonin, R. Zhu, Y. Klaue, J. Oberstrass, E. Oesterschulze, and W. Nellen (2002)
Nucleic Acids Res. 30, e81
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural Evidence that the P/Q Domain of ZipA Is an Unstructured, Flexible Tether between the Membrane and the C-Terminal FtsZ-Binding Domain.
T. Ohashi, C. A. Hale, P. A. J. de Boer, and H. P. Erickson (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 4313-4315
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Muscle designed for maximum short-term power output: quail flight muscle.
G. N. Askew and R. L. Marsh (2002)
J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2153-2160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-Molecule Optomechanical Cycle.
T. Hugel, N. B. Holland, A. Cattani, L. Moroder, M. Seitz, and H. E. Gaub (2002)
Science 296, 1103-1106
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Force enhancement following stretching of skeletal muscle: a new mechanism.
W. Herzog and T. R. Leonard (2002)
J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1275-1283
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Mechanical disruption of individual nucleosomes reveals a reversible multistage release of DNA.
B. D. Brower-Toland, C. L. Smith, R. C. Yeh, J. T. Lis, C. L. Peterson, and M. D. Wang (2002)
PNAS 99, 1960-1965
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single molecules.
Th. Basche, S. Nie, and J. M. Fernandez (2001)
PNAS 98, 10527-10528
   Full Text »    PDF »
Bacterial Recognition of Mineral Surfaces: Nanoscale Interactions Between Shewanella and alpha -FeOOH.
S. K. Lower, M. F. Hochella Jr., and T. J. Beveridge (2001)
Science 292, 1360-1363
   Abstract »    Full Text »
From the Cover: Free energy reconstruction from nonequilibrium single-molecule pulling experiments.
G. Hummer and A. Szabo (2001)
PNAS 98, 3658-3661
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Forced unfolding modulated by disulfide bonds in the Ig domains of a cell adhesion molecule.
P. Carl, C. H. Kwok, G. Manderson, D. W. Speicher, and D. E. Discher (2001)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stepwise unfolding of titin under force-clamp atomic force microscopy.
A. F. Oberhauser, P. K. Hansma, M. Carrion-Vazquez, and J. M. Fernandez (2001)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Fluorescence quenching: A tool for single-molecule protein-folding study.
X. Zhuang, T. Ha, H. D. Kim, T. Centner, S. Labeit, and S. Chu (2000)
PNAS 97, 14241-14244
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spring mechanics of {{alpha}}-helical polypeptide.
A. Idiris, M. T. Alam, and A. Ikai (2000)
Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 13, 763-770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Speeding molecular recognition by using the folding funnel: The fly-casting mechanism.
B. A. Shoemaker, J. J. Portman, and P. G. Wolynes (2000)
PNAS
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Native topology determines force-induced unfolding pathways in globular proteins.
D. K. Klimov and D. Thirumalai (2000)
PNAS 97, 7254-7259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Single-Molecule Study of RNA Catalysis and Folding.
X. Zhuang, L. E. Bartley, H. P. Babcock, R. Russell, T. Ha, D. Herschlag, and S. Chu (2000)
Science 288, 2048-2051
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Unfolding Pathways of Individual Bacteriorhodopsins.
F. Oesterhelt, D. Oesterhelt, M. Pfeiffer, A. Engel, H. E. Gaub, and D. J. Müller (2000)
Science 288, 143-146
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Differential Expression of Cardiac Titin Isoforms and Modulation of Cellular Stiffness.
O. Cazorla, A. Freiburg, M. Helmes, T. Centner, M. McNabb, Y. Wu, K. Trombitas, S. Labeit, and H. Granzier (2000)
Circ. Res. 86, 59-67
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pulling a single chromatin fiber reveals the forces that maintain its higher-order structure.
Y. Cui and C. Bustamante (2000)
PNAS 97, 127-132
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Solid-state synthesis and mechanical unfolding of polymers of T4 lysozyme.
G. Yang, C. Cecconi, W. A. Baase, I. R. Vetter, W. A. Breyer, J. A. Haack, B. W. Matthews, F. W. Dahlquist, and C. Bustamante (2000)
PNAS 97, 139-144
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reversible and Irreversible Unfolding of Mitotic Newt Chromosomes by Applied Force.
M. Poirier, S. Eroglu, D. Chatenay, and J. F. Marko (2000)
Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 269-276
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Imaging biological matter across dimensions: from cells to molecules and atoms.
D. STOFFLER, M. O. STEINMETZ, and U. AEBI (1999)
FASEB J 13, 195S-200S
   Full Text »    PDF »
Controlled unzipping of a bacterial surface layer with atomic force microscopy.
D. J. Muller, W. Baumeister, and A. Engel (1999)
PNAS 96, 13170-13174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The micro-mechanics of single molecules studied with atomic force microscopy.
T. E Fisher, P. E Marszalek, A. F Oberhauser, M. Carrion-Vazquez, and J. M Fernandez (1999)
J. Physiol. 520, 5-14
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic force spectroscopy of single DNA molecules.
T. Strunz, K. Oroszlan, R. Schafer, and H.-J. Guntherodt (1999)
PNAS 96, 11277-11282
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Atomic force microscopy captures length phenotypes in single proteins.
M. Carrion-Vazquez, P. E. Marszalek, A. F. Oberhauser, and J. M. Fernandez (1999)
PNAS 96, 11288-11292
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
I-Band Titin in Cardiac Muscle Is a Three-Element Molecular Spring and Is Critical for Maintaining Thin Filament Structure.
W. A. Linke, D. E. Rudy, T. Centner, M. Gautel, C. Witt, S. Labeit, and C. C. Gregorio (1999)
J. Cell Biol. 146, 631-644
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probing Nanometer Structures with Atomic Force Microscopy.
Z. Shao (1999)
Physiology 14, 142-149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)