Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 2 May 1997:
Vol. 276. no. 5313, pp. 763 - 769
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5313.763
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Research Articles

Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: Transcription, Photoresponses, and the Origins of Circadian Rhythmicity

Susan K. Crosthwaite, Jay C. Dunlap, * Jennifer J. Loros *

Circadian rhythmicity is universally associated with the ability to perceive light, and the oscillators ("clocks") giving rise to these rhythms, which are feedback loops based on transcription and translation, are reset by light. Although such loops must contain elements of positive and negative regulation, the clock genes analyzed to date--frq in Neurospora and per and tim in Drosophila--are associated only with negative feedback and their biochemical functions are largely inferred. The white collar-1 and white collar-2 genes, both global regulators of photoresponses in Neurospora, encode DNA binding proteins that contain PAS domains and are believed to act as transcriptional activators. Data shown here suggest that wc-1 is a clock-associated gene and wc-2 is a clock component; both play essential roles in the assembly or operation of the Neurospora circadian oscillator. Thus DNA binding and transcriptional activation can now be associated with a clock gene that may provide a positive element in the feedback loop. In addition, similarities between the PAS-domain regions of molecules involved in light perception and circadian rhythmicity in several organisms suggest an evolutionary link between ancient photoreceptor proteins and more modern proteins required for circadian oscillation.

The authors are in the Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Setting the pace of the Neurospora circadian clock by multiple independent FRQ phosphorylation events.
C.-T. Tang, S. Li, C. Long, J. Cha, G. Huang, L. Li, S. Chen, and Y. Liu (2009)
PNAS 106, 10722-10727
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The 2009 George W. Beadle Award.
D. Bell-Pedersen and K. A. Borkovich (2009)
Genetics 181, 831-833
   Full Text »    PDF »
Rhythmic Conidiation in Constant Light in Vivid Mutants of Neurospora crassa.
K. Schneider, S. Perrino, K. Oelhafen, S. Li, A. Zatsepin, P. Lakin-Thomas, and S. Brody (2009)
Genetics 181, 917-931
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Closing the circadian negative feedback loop: FRQ-dependent clearance of WC-1 from the nucleus.
C. I. Hong, P. Ruoff, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 3196-3204
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Salad Days in the Rhythms Trade.
J. C. Dunlap (2008)
Genetics 178, 1-13
   Full Text »    PDF »
A Genetic Selection For Neurospora crassa Mutants Altered in Their Light Regulation of Transcription.
L. Navarro-Sampedro, C. Yanofsky, and L. M. Corrochano (2008)
Genetics 178, 171-183
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein kinase A and casein kinases mediate sequential phosphorylation events in the circadian negative feedback loop.
G. Huang, S. Chen, S. Li, J. Cha, C. Long, L. Li, Q. He, and Y. Liu (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 3283-3295
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A developmental cycle masks output from the circadian oscillator under conditions of choline deficiency in Neurospora.
M. Shi, L. F. Larrondo, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2007)
PNAS 104, 20102-20107
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Trichoderma atroviride PHR1, a Fungal Photolyase Responsible for DNA Repair, Autoregulates Its Own Photoinduction.
G. M. Berrocal-Tito, E. U. Esquivel-Naranjo, B. A. Horwitz, and A. Herrera-Estrella (2007)
Eukaryot. Cell 6, 1682-1692
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The band mutation in Neurospora crassa is a dominant allele of ras-1 implicating RAS signaling in circadian output.
W. J. Belden, L. F. Larrondo, A. C. Froehlich, M. Shi, C.-H. Chen, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 1494-1505
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A genetic network for the clock of Neurospora crassa.
Y. Yu, W. Dong, C. Altimus, X. Tang, J. Griffith, M. Morello, L. Dudek, J. Arnold, and H.-B. Schuttler (2007)
PNAS 104, 2809-2814
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Circadian Clock in Neurospora: How Genes and Proteins Cooperate to Produce a Sustained, Entrainable, and Compensated Biological Oscillator with a Period of about a Day.
J.C. Dunlap, J.J. Loros, H.V. Colot, A. Mehra, W.J. Belden, M. Shi, C.I. Hong, L.F. Larrondo, C.L. Baker, C.-H. Chen, et al. (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 57-68
   Abstract »    PDF »
Posttranslational Control of the Neurospora Circadian Clock.
J. Cha, G. Huang, J. Guo, and Y. Liu (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 185-191
   Abstract »    PDF »
Circadian Output, Input, and Intracellular Oscillators: Insights into the Circadian Systems of Single Cells.
J. J. Loros, J. C. Dunlap, L. F. Larrondo, M. Shi, W. J. Belden, V. D. Gooch, C.-H. Chen, C. L. Baker, A. Mehra, H. V. Colot, et al. (2007)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 72, 201-214
   Abstract »    PDF »
Quinone sensing by the circadian input kinase of the cyanobacterial circadian clock.
N. B. Ivleva, T. Gao, A. C. LiWang, and S. S. Golden (2006)
PNAS 103, 17468-17473
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteins in the Neurospora Circadian Clockworks.
J. C. Dunlap (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 28489-28493
   Full Text »    PDF »
CKI and CKII mediate the FREQUENCY-dependent phosphorylation of the WHITE COLLAR complex to close the Neurospora circadian negative feedback loop.
Q. He, J. Cha, Q. He, H.-C. Lee, Y. Yang, and Y. Liu (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 2552-2565
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of the Circadian Clock-Related Gene pex in Cyanobacteria Increases in Darkness and Is Required to Delay the Clock.
N. Takai, S. Ikeuchi, K. Manabe, and S. Kutsuna (2006)
J Biol Rhythms 21, 235-244
   Abstract »    PDF »
Clock-Gated Photic Stimulation of Timeless Expression at Cold Temperatures and Seasonal Adaptation in Drosophila.
W.-F. Chen, J. Majercak, and I. Edery (2006)
J Biol Rhythms 21, 256-271
   Abstract »    PDF »
Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa and Other Filamentous Fungi..
Y. Liu and D. Bell-Pedersen (2006)
Eukaryot. Cell 5, 1184-1193
   Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria and Neurospora..
M. Brunner and T. Schafmeier (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 1061-1074
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: The Phycomyces madA gene encodes a blue-light photoreceptor for phototropism and other light responses.
A. Idnurm, J. Rodriguez-Romero, L. M. Corrochano, C. Sanz, E. A. Iturriaga, A. P. Eslava, and J. Heitman (2006)
PNAS 103, 4546-4551
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The relationship between FRQ-protein stability and temperature compensation in the Neurospora circadian clock.
P. Ruoff, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2005)
PNAS 102, 17681-17686
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular mechanism of light responses in Neurospora: from light-induced transcription to photoadaptation.
Q. He and Y. Liu (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 2888-2899
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The COP9 signalosome regulates the Neurospora circadian clock by controlling the stability of the SCFFWD-1 complex.
Q. He, P. Cheng, Q. He, and Y. Liu (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 1518-1531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synchronizing Genetic Oscillators by Signaling Molecules.
R. Wang and L. Chen (2005)
J Biol Rhythms 20, 257-269
   Abstract »    PDF »
Light-independent Phosphorylation of WHITE COLLAR-1 Regulates Its Function in the Neurospora Circadian Negative Feedback Loop.
Q. He, H. Shu, P. Cheng, S. Chen, L. Wang, and Y. Liu (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 17526-17532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the Neurospora circadian clock by an RNA helicase.
P. Cheng, Q. He, Q. He, L. Wang, and Y. Liu (2005)
Genes & Dev. 19, 234-241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stochastic simulation of the mammalian circadian clock.
D. B. Forger and C. S. Peskin (2005)
PNAS 102, 321-324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride.
S. Casas-Flores, M. Rios-Momberg, M. Bibbins, P. Ponce-Noyola, and A. Herrera-Estrella (2004)
Microbiology 150, 3561-3569
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Neurospora Circadian System.
J. C. Dunlap and J. J. Loros (2004)
J Biol Rhythms 19, 414-424
   Abstract »    PDF »
CK2 phosphorylation of CCA1 is necessary for its circadian oscillator function in Arabidopsis.
X. Daniel, S. Sugano, and E. M. Tobin (2004)
PNAS 101, 3292-3297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lessons from the Genome Sequence of Neurospora crassa: Tracing the Path from Genomic Blueprint to Multicellular Organism.
K. A. Borkovich, L. A. Alex, O. Yarden, M. Freitag, G. E. Turner, N. D. Read, S. Seiler, D. Bell-Pedersen, J. Paietta, N. Plesofsky, et al. (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 1-108
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reactive Oxygen Species Affect Photomorphogenesis in Neurospora crassa.
Y. Yoshida and K. Hasunuma (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 6986-6993
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct roles for PP1 and PP2A in the Neurospora circadian clock.
Y. Yang, Q. He, P. Cheng, P. Wrage, O. Yarden, and Y. Liu (2004)
Genes & Dev. 18, 255-260
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of FREQUENCY Protein by Casein Kinase II Is Necessary for the Function of the Neurospora Circadian Clock.
Y. Yang, P. Cheng, Q. He, L. Wang, and Y. Liu (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 6221-6228
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian Clock-Controlled Regulation of cGMP-Protein Kinase G in the Nocturnal Domain.
S. A. Tischkau, E. T. Weber, S. M. Abbott, J. W. Mitchell, and M. U. Gillette (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 7543-7550
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora Crassa: Farnesol or Geraniol Allow Expression of Rhythmicity in the Otherwise Arrhythmic Strains frq 10, wc-1, and wc-2.
T. Granshaw, M. Tsukamoto, and S. Brody (2003)
J Biol Rhythms 18, 287-296
   Abstract »    PDF »
The frequency Gene Is Required for Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Many Clock-Controlled Genes in Neurospora crassa.
M. Nowrousian, G. E. Duffield, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2003)
Genetics 164, 923-933
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Art of Entrainment.
T. Roenneberg, S. Daan, and M. Merrow (2003)
J Biol Rhythms 18, 183-194
   Abstract »    PDF »
Molecular Mechanisms of Entrainment in the Neurospora Circadian Clock.
Y. Liu (2003)
J Biol Rhythms 18, 195-205
   Abstract »    PDF »
Rhythmic binding of a WHITE COLLAR-containing complex to the frequency promoter is inhibited by FREQUENCY.
A. C. Froehlich, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2003)
PNAS 100, 5914-5919
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional conservation of light, oxygen, or voltage domains in light sensing.
P. Cheng, Q. He, Y. Yang, L. Wang, and Y. Liu (2003)
PNAS 100, 5938-5943
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor Family in Plants: A Genome-Wide Study of Protein Structure and Functional Diversity.
M. A. Heim, M. Jakoby, M. Werber, C. Martin, B. Weisshaar, and P. C. Bailey (2003)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 20, 735-747
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Models in Applied Physiology: Invited Review: Sleeping flies don't lie: the use of Drosophila melanogaster to study sleep and circadian rhythms.
J. C. Hendricks (2003)
J Appl Physiol 94, 1660-1672
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
WHITE COLLAR-1, a Multifunctional Neurospora Protein Involved in the Circadian Feedback Loops, Light Sensing, and Transcription Repression of wc-2.
P. Cheng, Y. Yang, L. Wang, Q. He, and Y. Liu (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3801-3808
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Arabidopsis SRR1 gene mediates phyB signaling and is required for normal circadian clock function.
D. Staiger, L. Allenbach, N. Salathia, V. Fiechter, S. J. Davis, A. J. Millar, J. Chory, and C. Fankhauser (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 256-268
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Role of TOC1 in the Control of Circadian and Photomorphogenic Responses in Arabidopsis.
P. Mas, D. Alabadi, M. J. Yanovsky, T. Oyama, and S. A. Kay (2003)
PLANT CELL 15, 223-236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Life before the Clock: Modeling Circadian Evolution.
T. Roenneberg and M. Merrow (2002)
J Biol Rhythms 17, 495-505
   Abstract »    PDF »
White Collar-1, a DNA Binding Transcription Factor and a Light Sensor.
Q. He, P. Cheng, Y. Yang, L. Wang, K. H. Gardner, and Y. Liu (2002)
Science 297, 840-843
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
White Collar-1, a Circadian Blue Light Photoreceptor, Binding to the frequency Promoter.
A. C. Froehlich, Y. Liu, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2002)
Science 297, 815-819
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signs of the time: environmental input to the circadian clock.
P. F. Devlin (2002)
J. Exp. Bot. 53, 1535-1550
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the Neurospora circadian clock by casein kinase II.
Y. Yang, P. Cheng, and Y. Liu (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 994-1006
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct Signaling Pathways from the Circadian Clock Participate in Regulation of Rhythmic Conidiospore Development in Neurospora crassa.
A. Correa and D. Bell-Pedersen (2002)
Eukaryot. Cell 1, 273-280
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Engineering Photocycle Dynamics. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND KINETICS OF THREE PHOTOACTIVE YELLOW PROTEIN HINGE-BENDING MUTANTS.
D. M. F. van Aalten, A. Haker, J. Hendriks, K. J. Hellingwerf, L. Joshua-Tor, and W. Crielaard (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 6463-6468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neurospora Clock-Controlled Gene 9 (ccg-9) Encodes Trehalose Synthase: Circadian Regulation of Stress Responses and Development.
M. L. Shinohara, A. Correa, D. Bell-Pedersen, J. C. Dunlap, and J. J. Loros (2002)
Eukaryot. Cell 1, 33-43
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PAS Domain-Mediated WC-1/WC-2 Interaction Is Essential for Maintaining the Steady-State Level of WC-1 and the Function of Both Proteins in Circadian Clock and Light Responses of Neurospora.
P. Cheng, Y. Yang, K. H. Gardner, and Y. Liu (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 517-524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Light and Clock Expression of the Neurospora Clock Gene frequency Is Differentially Driven by but Dependent on WHITE COLLAR-2.
M. A. Collett, N. Garceau, J. C. Dunlap, and J. J. Loros (2002)
Genetics 160, 149-158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epistatic and Synergistic Interactions Between Circadian Clock Mutations in Neurospora crassa.
L. W. Morgan and J. F. Feldman (2001)
Genetics 159, 537-543
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modeling Circadian Oscillations with Interlocking Positive and Negative Feedback Loops.
P. Smolen, D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 6644-6656
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seasonality and Photoperiodism in Fungi.
T. Roenneberg and M. Merrow (2001)
J Biol Rhythms 16, 403-414
   Abstract »    PDF »
Interlocked feedback loops contribute to the robustness of the Neurospora circadian clock.
P. Cheng, Y. Yang, and Y. Liu (2001)
PNAS 98, 7408-7413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian Clock-Specific Roles for the Light Response Protein WHITE COLLAR-2.
M. A. Collett, J. C. Dunlap, and J. J. Loros (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2619-2628
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Circadian Changes in Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Distribution Inside Individual Chloroplasts Can Account for the Rhythm in Dinoflagellate Carbon Fixation.
N. Nassoury, L. Fritz, and D. Morse (2001)
PLANT CELL 13, 923-934
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Time for Plants. Progress in Plant Chronobiology.
S. S. Golden and C. Strayer (2001)
Plant Physiology 125, 98-101
   Full Text »
Circadian rhythms in a nutshell.
I. EDERY (2000)
Physiol Genomics 3, 59-74
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CikA, a Bacteriophytochrome That Resets the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock.
O. Schmitz, M. Katayama, S. B. Williams, T. Kondo, and S. S. Golden (2000)
Science 289, 765-768
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Interconnected Feedback Loops in the Neurospora Circadian System.
K. Lee, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2000)
Science 289, 107-110
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Asynchronous oscillations of two zebrafish CLOCK partners reveal differential clock control and function.
N. Cermakian, D. Whitmore, N. S. Foulkes, and P. Sassone-Corsi (2000)
PNAS 97, 4339-4344
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Circadian Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Chick Pineal Clock Oscillation.
K. Sanada, Y. Hayashi, Y. Harada, T. Okano, and Y. Fukada (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 986-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY determines its degradation rate and strongly influences the period length of the circadian clock.
Y. Liu, J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (2000)
PNAS 97, 234-239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: Lipid deficiencies restore robust rhythmicity to null frequency and white-collar mutants.
P. L. Lakin-Thomas and S. Brody (2000)
PNAS 97, 256-261
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The circadian clock controls the expression pattern of the circadian input photoreceptor, phytochrome B.
L. K. Bognar, A. Hall, E. Adam, S. C. Thain, F. Nagy, and A. J. Millar (1999)
PNAS 96, 14652-14657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Limit Cycle Models for Circadian Rhythms Based on Transcriptional Regulation in Drosophila and Neurospora.
J.-C. Leloup, D. Gonze, and A. Goldbeter (1999)
J Biol Rhythms 14, 433-448
   Abstract »    PDF »
Control of Circadian Rhythms and Photoperiodic Flowering by the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA Gene.
D. H. Park, D. E. Somers, Y. S. Kim, Y. H. Choy, H. K. Lim, M. S. Soh, H. J. Kim, S. A. Kay, and H. G. Nam (1999)
Science 285, 1579-1582
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stability, Precision, and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker.
C. A. Czeisler, J. F. Duffy, T. L. Shanahan, E. N. Brown, J. F. Mitchell, D. W. Rimmer, J. M. Ronda, E. J. Silva, J. S. Allan, J. S. Emens, et al. (1999)
Science 284, 2177-2181
   Abstract »    Full Text »
PAS Domains: Internal Sensors of Oxygen, Redox Potential, and Light.
B. L. Taylor and I. B. Zhulin (1999)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63, 479-506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Model of Molecular Circadian Clocks: Multiple Mechanisms for Phase Shifting and a Requirement for Strong Nonlinear Interactions.
T. O. Scheper, D. Klinkenberg, J. van Pelt, and C. Pennartz (1999)
J Biol Rhythms 14, 213-220
   Abstract »    PDF »
Loss of the circadian clock-associated protein 1 in Arabidopsis results in altered clock-regulated gene expression.
R. M. Green and E. M. Tobin (1999)
PNAS 96, 4176-4179
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phytochromes and Cryptochromes in the Entrainment of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock.
D. E. Somers, P. F. Devlin, and S. A. Kay (1998)
Science 282, 1488-1490
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Circadian Regulation of a Drosophila Homolog of the Mammalian Clock Gene: PER and TIM Function as Positive Regulators.
K. Bae, C. Lee, D. Sidote, K.-y. Chuang, and I. Edery (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6142-6151
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Expression of a Gene Cluster kaiABC as a Circadian Feedback Process in Cyanobacteria.
M. Ishiura, S. Kutsuna, S. Aoki, H. Iwasaki, C. R. Andersson, A. Tanabe, S. S. Golden, C. H. Johnson, and T. Kondo (1998)
Science 281, 1519-1523
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Mutational Analysis of AREA, a Transcriptional Activator Mediating Nitrogen Metabolite Repression in Aspergillus nidulans and a Member of the "Streetwise" GATA Family of Transcription Factors.
R. A. Wilson and H. N. Arst Jr. (1998)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 586-596
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Temperature Changes Reset a Circadian Oscillator.
Y. Liu, M. Merrow, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap (1998)
Science 281, 825-829
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Cloning and characterization of a cAMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
S. H. Soderling, S. J. Bayuga, and J. A. Beavo (1998)
PNAS 95, 8991-8996
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between Major Nitrogen Regulatory Protein NIT2 and Pathway-Specific Regulatory Factor NIT4 Is Required for Their Synergistic Activation of Gene Expression in Neurospora crassa.
B. Feng and G. A. Marzluf (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 3983-3990
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Role of the CLOCK Protein in the Mammalian Circadian Mechanism.
N. Gekakis, D. Staknis, H. B. Nguyen, F. C. Davis, L. D. Wilsbacher, D. P. King, J. S. Takahashi, and C. J. Weitz (1998)
Science 280, 1564-1569
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Closing the Circadian Loop: CLOCK-Induced Transcription of Its Own Inhibitors per and tim.
T. K. Darlington, K. Wager-Smith, M. F. Ceriani, D. Staknis, N. Gekakis, T. D. Steeves, C. J. Weitz, J. S. Takahashi, and S. A. Kay (1998)
Science 280, 1599-1603
   Abstract »    Full Text »
A Period-Extender Gene, pex, That Extends the Period of the Circadian Clock in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7942.
S. Kutsuna, T. Kondo, S. Aoki, and M. Ishiura (1998)
J. Bacteriol. 180, 2167-2174
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Differential Effects of Light and Heat on the Drosophila Circadian Clock Proteins PER and TIM.
D. Sidote, J. Majercak, V. Parikh, and I. Edery (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 2004-2013
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: A 25-Year Retrospective.
D. R. Weaver (1998)
J Biol Rhythms 13, 100-112
   Abstract »    PDF »
Molecular Circadian Oscillators: An Alternative Hypothesis.
T. Roenneberg and M. Merrow (1998)
J Biol Rhythms 13, 167-179
   Abstract »    PDF »
A Model for Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila Incorporating the Formation of a Complex between the PER and TIM Proteins.
J.-C. Leloup and A. Goldbeter (1998)
J Biol Rhythms 13, 70-87
   Abstract »    PDF »
Arabidopsis NPH1: A Protein Kinase with a Putative Redox-Sensing Domain.
E. Huala, P. W. Oeller, E. Liscum, I. Han, E. Larsen, and W. R. Briggs (1997)
Science 278, 2120-2123
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) and the PAS family.
M. E. Hahn, S. I. Karchner, M. A. Shapiro, and S. A. Perera (1997)
PNAS 94, 13743-13748
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Overexpression of nreB, a New GATA Factor-encoding Gene of Penicillium chrysogenum, Leads to Repression of the Nitrate Assimilatory Gene Cluster.
H. Haas, K. Angermayr, I. Zadra, and G. Stoffler (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22576-22582
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Single-minded---Two Genes, Three Chromosomes.
J. Michaud and C.-M. Fan (1997)
Genome Res. 7, 569-571
   Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates the Neurospora Circadian Clock Protein FREQUENCY.
Y. Yang, P. Cheng, G. Zhi, and Y. Liu (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41064-41072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)