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Science 4 April 1997:
Vol. 276. no. 5309, pp. 66 - 71
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5309.66
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Articles

Stem Cells in the Central Nervous System

Ronald McKay

In the vertebrate central nervous system, multipotential cells have been identified in vitro and in vivo. Defined mitogens cause the proliferation of multipotential cells in vitro, the magnitude of which is sufficient to account for the number of cells in the brain. Factors that control the differentiation of fetal stem cells to neurons and glia have been defined in vitro, and multipotential cells with similar signaling logic can be cultured from the adult central nervous system. Transplanting cells to new sites emphasizes that neuroepithelial cells have the potential to integrate into many brain regions. These results focus attention on how information in external stimuli is translated into the number and types of differentiated cells in the brain. The development of therapies for the reconstruction of the diseased or injured brain will be guided by our understanding of the origin and stability of cell type in the central nervous system.

The author is in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

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Primary CA1 and conditionally immortal MHP36 cell grafts restore conditional discrimination learning and recall in marmosets after excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampal CA1 field.
D. Virley, R. M. Ridley, J. D. Sinden, T. R. Kershaw, S. Harland, T. Rashid, S. French, P. Sowinski, J. A. Gray, P. L. Lantos, et al. (1999)
Brain 122, 2321-2335
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Astroglial Differentiation of Cortical Precursor Cells Triggered by Activation of the cAMP-Dependent Signaling Pathway.
M. F. McManus, L.-C. Chen, I. Vallejo, and M. Vallejo (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 9004-9015
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Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Activates a Latent Neurogenic Program in Neural Stem Cells from Diverse Regions of the Adult CNS.
T. D. Palmer, E. A. Markakis, A. R. Willhoite, F. Safar, and F. H. Gage (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 8487-8497
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Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: Implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors.
Y. Shoshan, A. Nishiyama, A. Chang, S. Mork, G. H. Barnett, J. K. Cowell, B. D. Trapp, and S. M. Staugaitis (1999)
PNAS 96, 10361-10366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neural Stem Cells as Engraftable Packaging Lines Can Mediate Gene Delivery to Microglia: Evidence from Studying Retroviral env-Related Neurodegeneration.
W. P. Lynch, A. H. Sharpe, and E. Y. Snyder (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 6841-6851
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Glial Precursors: A Source of Myelinating Transplants.
O. Brüstle, K. N. Jones, R. D. Learish, K. Karram, K. Choudhary, O. D. Wiestler, I. D. Duncan, and R. D. McKay (1999)
Science 285, 754-756
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stimulation of Neonatal and Adult Brain Neurogenesis by Subcutaneous Injection of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor.
J. P. Wagner, I. B. Black, and E. DiCicco-Bloom (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 6006-6016
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Progenitor Cell Biology: Implications for Neural Regeneration.
M. F. Mehler and J. A. Kessler (1999)
Arch Neurol 56, 780-784
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamic Regulation of Expression and Phosphorylation of Tau by Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 In Neural Progenitor Cells from Adult Rat Hippocampus.
Y. Tatebayashi, K. Iqbal, and I. Grundke-Iqbal (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 5245-5254
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Requirement of gp130 Signaling in Neuronal Survival and Astrocyte Differentiation.
K. Nakashima, S. Wiese, M. Yanagisawa, H. Arakawa, N. Kimura, T. Hisatsune, K. Yoshida, T. Kishimoto, M. Sendtner, and T. Taga (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 5429-5434
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis.
D. A. Lim and A. Alvarez-Buylla (1999)
PNAS 96, 7526-7531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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