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Science 21 March 1997:
Vol. 275. no. 5307, pp. 1790 - 1792
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5307.1790

Reports

Stabilization of beta -Catenin by Genetic Defects in Melanoma Cell Lines

Bonnee Rubinfeld, Paul Robbins, Mona El-Gamil, Iris Albert, Emilio Porfiri, Paul Polakis *

Signal transduction by beta -catenin involves its posttranslational stabilization and downstream coupling to the Lef and Tcf transcription factors. Abnormally high amounts of beta -catenin were detected in 7 of 26 human melanoma cell lines. Unusual messenger RNA splicing and missense mutations in the beta -catenin gene (CTNNB1) that result in stabilization of the protein were identified in six of the lines, and the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein (APC) was altered or missing in two others. In the APC-deficient cells, ectopic expression of wild-type APC eliminated the excess beta -catenin. Cells with stabilized beta -catenin contained a constitutive beta -catenin-Lef-1 complex. Thus, genetic defects that result in up-regulation of beta -catenin may play a role in melanoma progression.

B. Rubinfeld, I. Albert, E. Porfiri, P. Polakis, Onyx Pharmaceuticals, 3031 Research Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
P. Robbins and M. El-Gamil, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: paul{at}onyx-pharm.com


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{beta}-Catenin-induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.
H. R. Widlund, M. A. Horstmann, E. R. Price, J. Cui, S. L. Lessnick, M. Wu, X. He, and D. E. Fisher (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 158, 1079-1087
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Mutation and Expression of the {beta}-Catenin-interacting Protein ICAT in Human Colorectal Tumors.
T. Koyama, K.-i. Tago, T. Nakamura, S. Ohwada, Y. Morishita, J. Yokota, and T. Akiyama (2002)
Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 32, 358-362
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Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta -catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis.
M. E. Conacci-Sorrell, T. Ben-Yedidia, M. Shtutman, E. Feinstein, P. Einat, and A. Ben-Ze'ev (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 2058-2072
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Expression and Characterization of GSK-3 Mutants and Their Effect on beta -Catenin Phosphorylation in Intact Cells.
T. Hagen, E. Di Daniel, A. A. Culbert, and A. D. Reith (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 23330-23335
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Targeted inactivation of CTNNB1 reveals unexpected effects of beta -catenin mutation.
T. A. Chan, Z. Wang, L. H. Dang, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler (2002)
PNAS 99, 8265-8270
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Turnover of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Is Regulated by Damaged DNA-Binding Complex.
F. Bergametti, D. Sitterlin, and C. Transy (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 6495-6501
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Overexpression of Icat Induces G2 Arrest and Cell Death in Tumor Cell Mutants for Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, {beta}-catenin, or Axin.
T. Sekiya, T. Nakamura, Y. Kazuki, M. Oshimura, K. Kohu, K.-i. Tago, S. Ohwada, and T. Akiyama (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 3322-3326
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{beta}-Catenin Mutation Is a Frequent Cause of Wnt Pathway Activation in Gastric Cancer.
W. M. Clements, J. Wang, A. Sarnaik, O. J. Kim, J. MacDonald, C. Fenoglio-Preiser, J. Groden, and A. M. Lowy (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 3503-3506
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Protection against Anoikis and Down-regulation of Cadherin Expression by a Regulatable beta -Catenin Protein.
Z. Weng, M. Xin, L. Pablo, D. Grueneberg, M. Hagel, G. Bain, T. Muller, and J. Papkoff (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18677-18686
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Protein Kinase C delta Regulates Function of the DF3/MUC1 Carcinoma Antigen in beta -Catenin Signaling.
J. Ren, Y. Li, and D. Kufe (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17616-17622
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Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta -catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway.
S. Amit, A. Hatzubai, Y. Birman, J. S. Andersen, E. Ben-Shushan, M. Mann, Y. Ben-Neriah, and I. Alkalay (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 1066-1076
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Wnt signaling promotes oncogenic transformation by inhibiting c-Myc-induced apoptosis.
Z. You, D. Saims, S. Chen, Z. Zhang, D. C. Guttridge, K.-l. Guan, O. A. MacDougald, A. M.C. Brown, G. Evan, J. Kitajewski, et al. (2002)
J. Cell Biol. 157, 429-440
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Synergistic Induction of Tumor Antigens by Wnt-1 Signaling and Retinoic Acid Revealed by Gene Expression Profiling.
D. A. Tice, W. Szeto, I. Soloviev, B. Rubinfeld, S. E. Fong, D. L. Dugger, J. Winer, P. M. Williams, D. Wieand, V. Smith, et al. (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 14329-14335
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Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 Is Overexpressed in Uterine Leiomyomas, Associated with a High Estrogenic Environment and Unrelated to Proliferative Activity.
K. Fukuhara, M. Kariya, M. Kita, H. Shime, T. Kanamori, C. Kosaka, A. Orii, J. Fujita, and S. Fujii (2002)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 1729-1736
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Lack of Tumorigenesis in the Mouse Liver after Adenovirus-mediated Expression of a Dominant Stable Mutant of {beta}-Catenin.
N. Harada, H. Miyoshi, N. Murai, H. Oshima, Y. Tamai, M. Oshima, and M. M. Taketo (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 1971-1977
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The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: Destruction for the Sake of Construction.
M. H. Glickman and A. Ciechanover (2002)
Physiol Rev 82, 373-428
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Role of {beta}-Catenin/T-Cell Factor-Regulated Genes in Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas.
Y. Zhai, R. Wu, D. R. Schwartz, D. Darrah, H. Reed, F. T. Kolligs, M. T. Nieman, E. R. Fearon, and K. R. Cho (2002)
Am. J. Pathol. 160, 1229-1238
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Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, Pancreatoblastoma, and the Wnt Signaling Pathway.
M. J. Sullivan, S. C. Abraham, R. H. Hruban, B. Bachtiary, G. Breitenecker, E. Selzer, G. Oberhuber, and J. T. Beranek (2002)
Am. J. Pathol. 160, 1541-1542
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Expression status of E-cadherin and {alpha}-, {beta}-, and {gamma}-catenins in thymoma.
I. Yoshino, S. Kase, T. Yano, K. Sugio, and K. Sugimachi (2002)
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 73, 933-937
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Expression and Prognostic Roles of {beta}-Catenin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Correlation with Tumor Progression and Postoperative Survival.
S. Inagawa, M. Itabashi, S. Adachi, T. Kawamoto, M. Hori, J. Shimazaki, F. Yoshimi, and K. Fukao (2002)
Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 450-456
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Regulation of beta -Catenin Function by the Ikappa B Kinases.
C. Lamberti, K.-M. Lin, Y. Yamamoto, U. Verma, I. M. Verma, S. Byers, and R. B. Gaynor (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 42276-42286
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