Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 6 December 1996:
Vol. 274. no. 5293, pp. 1652 - 1659
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5293.1652
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

How Proteolysis Drives the Cell Cycle

Randall W. King, Raymond J. Deshaies, Jan-Michael Peters, * Marc W. Kirschner

Oscillations in the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) promote progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. This review examines how proteolysis regulates CDK activity--by degrading CDK activators or inhibitors--and also how proteolysis may directly trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase. Proteolysis during the cell cycle is mediated by two distinct ubiquitin-conjugation pathways. One pathway, requiring CDC34, initiates DNA replication by degrading a CDK inhibitor. The second pathway, involving a large protein complex called the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome, initiates chromosome segregation and exit from mitosis by degrading anaphase inhibitors and mitotic cyclins. Proteolysis therefore drives cell cycle progression not only by regulating CDK activity, but by directly influencing chromosome and spindle dynamics.

R. W. King, J.-M. Peters, and M. W. Kirschner are in the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA. R. J. Deshaies is in the Division of Biology 156-29 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
*   Present address: Research Institute for Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse #7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Enhances the Susceptibility to Viral Infection.
M. Basler, C. Lauer, U. Beck, and M. Groettrup (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 6145-6150
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Cds1-Mediated Checkpoint Protects the MBF Activator Rep2 from Ubiquitination by Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome-Ste9 at S-Phase Arrest in Fission Yeast.
Z. Chu, M. Eshaghi, S. Y. Poon, and J. Liu (2009)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 4959-4970
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Large-scale detection of ubiquitination substrates using cell extracts and protein microarrays.
Y. Merbl and M. W. Kirschner (2009)
PNAS 106, 2543-2548
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PMAP: databases for analyzing proteolytic events and pathways.
Y. Igarashi, E. Heureux, K. S. Doctor, P. Talwar, S. Gramatikova, K. Gramatikoff, Y. Zhang, M. Blinov, S. S. Ibragimova, S. Boyd, et al. (2009)
Nucleic Acids Res. 37, D611-D618
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Global Protein Stability Profiling in Mammalian Cells.
H.-C. S. Yen, Q. Xu, D. M. Chou, Z. Zhao, and S. J. Elledge (2008)
Science 322, 918-923
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A bacterial control circuit integrates polar localization and proteolysis of key regulatory proteins with a phospho-signaling cascade.
A. A. Iniesta and L. Shapiro (2008)
PNAS 105, 16602-16607
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metadegradomics: Toward in Vivo Quantitative Degradomics of Proteolytic Post-translational Modifications of the Cancer Proteome.
A. Doucet, G. S. Butler, D. Rodriguez, A. Prudova, and C. M. Overall (2008)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 7, 1925-1951
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rice ROOT ARCHITECTURE ASSOCIATED1 Binds the Proteasome Subunit RPT4 and Is Degraded in a D-Box and Proteasome-Dependent Manner.
Y. Han, H. Cao, J. Jiang, Y. Xu, J. Du, X. Wang, M. Yuan, Z. Wang, Z. Xu, and K. Chong (2008)
Plant Physiology 148, 843-855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Cycling and Precocious Termination of G1 Phase in Cells Expressing CDK1AF.
J. R. Pomerening, J. A. Ubersax, and J. E. Ferrell Jr. (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 3426-3441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prostate-specific membrane antigen associates with anaphase-promoting complex and induces chromosomal instability.
S. A. Rajasekaran, J. J. Christiansen, I. Schmid, E. Oshima, K. Sakamoto, J. Weinstein, N. P. Rao, and A. K. Rajasekaran (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 2142-2151
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TG-interacting factor is required for the differentiation of preadipocytes.
T. Horie, K. Ono, M. Kinoshita, H. Nishi, K. Nagao, T. Kawamura, Y. Abe, H. Wada, A. Shimatsu, T. Kita, et al. (2008)
J. Lipid Res. 49, 1224-1234
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Downregulation of MMP-2 and -9 by Proteasome Inhibition: A Possible Mechanism to Decrease LEC Migration and Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification.
N. Awasthi, S. T. Wang-Su, and B. J. Wagner (2008)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 1998-2003
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A phase I/II study of bortezomib and capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with taxanes and/or anthracyclines.
P. Schmid, D. Kuhnhardt, P. Kiewe, S. Lehenbauer-Dehm, W. Schippinger, R. Greil, W. Lange, J. Preiss, N. Niederle, P. Brossart, et al. (2008)
Ann. Onc. 19, 871-876
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The effect of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib on acute myeloid leukemia cells and drug resistance associated with the CD34+ immature phenotype.
E. Colado, S. Alvarez-Fernandez, P. Maiso, J. Martin-Sanchez, M. B. Vidriales, M. Garayoa, E. M. Ocio, J. C. Montero, A. Pandiella, and J. F. San Miguel (2008)
Haematologica 93, 57-66
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Arabidopsis and Rice DWD Proteins and Their Roles as Substrate Receptors for CUL4-RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligases.
J.-H. Lee, W. Terzaghi, G. Gusmaroli, J.-B. F. Charron, H.-J. Yoon, H. Chen, Y. J. He, Y. Xiong, and X. W. Deng (2008)
PLANT CELL 20, 152-167
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitotic Phosphorylation of the Anaphase-promoting Complex Inhibitory Subunit Mnd2 Is Necessary for Efficient Progression through Meiosis I.
M. P. Torres and C. H. Borchers (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17351-17362
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Parallel Dose-Escalation Study of Weekly and Twice-Weekly Bortezomib in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.
J. Voortman, E. F. Smit, R. Honeywell, B. C. Kuenen, G. J. Peters, H. van de Velde, and G. Giaccone (2007)
Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 3642-3651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Is Required for Anaphase Progression in Multinucleated Ashbya gossypii Cells.
A. S. Gladfelter, N. Sustreanu, A. K. Hungerbuehler, S. Voegeli, V. Galati, and P. Philippsen (2007)
Eukaryot. Cell 6, 182-197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prophase I arrest and progression to metaphase I in mouse oocytes are controlled by Emi1-dependent regulation of APCCdh1.
P. Marangos, E. W. Verschuren, R. Chen, P. K. Jackson, and J. Carroll (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 176, 65-75
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of biochemical and biological effects of ML858 (salinosporamide A) and bortezomib.
M. J. Williamson, J. L. Blank, F. J. Bruzzese, Y. Cao, J. S. Daniels, L. R. Dick, J. Labutti, A. M. Mazzola, A. D. Patil, C. L. Reimer, et al. (2006)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 3052-3061
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DDB1 functions as a linker to recruit receptor WD40 proteins to CUL4-ROC1 ubiquitin ligases..
Y. J. He, C. M. McCall, J. Hu, Y. Zeng, and Y. Xiong (2006)
Genes & Dev. 20, 2949-2954
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Suppression of Human Lens Epithelial Cell Proliferation by Proteasome Inhibition, a Potential Defense against Posterior Capsular Opacification..
N. Awasthi and B. J. Wagner (2006)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4482-4489
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: results of a multicenter phase 1/2 study.
M.-V. Mateos, J.-M. Hernandez, M.-T. Hernandez, N.-C. Gutierrez, L. Palomera, M. Fuertes, J. Diaz-Mediavilla, J.-J. Lahuerta, J. de la Rubia, M.-J. Terol, et al. (2006)
Blood 108, 2165-2172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective small-molecule inhibitor reveals critical mitotic functions of human CDK1.
L. T. Vassilev, C. Tovar, S. Chen, D. Knezevic, X. Zhao, H. Sun, D. C. Heimbrook, and L. Chen (2006)
PNAS 103, 10660-10665
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FAT10/Diubiquitin-Like Protein-Deficient Mice Exhibit Minimal Phenotypic Differences..
A. Canaan, X. Yu, C. J. Booth, J. Lian, I. Lazar, S. L. Gamfi, K. Castille, N. Kohya, Y. Nakayama, Y.-C. Liu, et al. (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 5180-5189
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of Sterile20-Like Kinase 1 in Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in Oncogenic K-ras-Transformed Cells..
F. Teraishi, W. Guo, L. Zhang, F. Dong, J. J. Davis, T. Sasazuki, S. Shirasawa, J. Liu, and B. Fang (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 6072-6079
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Focal Adhesion Kinase Controls Cellular Levels of p27/Kip1 and p21/Cip1 through Skp2-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms..
P. Bryant, Q. Zheng, and K. Pumiglia (2006)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4201-4213
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteasome Inhibition to Maximize the Apoptotic Potential of Cytokine Therapy for Murine Neuroblastoma Tumors.
T. Khan, J. K. Stauffer, R. Williams, J. A. Hixon, R. Salcedo, E. Lincoln, T. C. Back, D. Powell, S. Lockett, A. C. Arnold, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 6302-6312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BTB Domain-containing Speckle-type POZ Protein (SPOP) Serves as an Adaptor of Daxx for Ubiquitination by Cul3-based Ubiquitin Ligase.
J. E. Kwon, M. La, K. H. Oh, Y. M. Oh, G. R. Kim, J. H. Seol, S. H. Baek, T. Chiba, K. Tanaka, O. S. Bang, et al. (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 12664-12672
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chromosomal Instability Induced by Pim-1 Is Passage-dependent and Associated with Dysregulation of Cyclin B1.
M. Roh, C. Song, J. Kim, and S. A. Abdulkadir (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40568-40577
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cdc2/Cyclin B1 Interacts with and Modulates Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor (Type 1) Functions.
X. Li, K. Malathi, O. Krizanova, K. Ondrias, K. Sperber, V. Ablamunits, and T. Jayaraman (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6205-6210
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Securin and Separase Phosphorylation Act Redundantly to Maintain Sister Chromatid Cohesion in Mammalian Cells.
X. Huang, R. Hatcher, J. P. York, and P. Zhang (2005)
Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 4725-4732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathway Proteins As Targets for Cancer Therapy.
A. A. Adjei and M. Hidalgo (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 5386-5403
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Checkpoint Kinase 1 Regulates Diallyl Trisulfide-induced Mitotic Arrest in Human Prostate Cancer Cells.
A. Herman-Antosiewicz and S. V. Singh (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 28519-28528
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of p21 in G2/M Promotes Cyclin B-Cdc2 Kinase Activity.
B. C. Dash and W. S. El-Deiry (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 3364-3387
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Subcellular Redistribution of Components of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway during Lens Differentiation and Maturation.
H. Girao, P. Pereira, A. Taylor, and F. Shang (2005)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 1386-1392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Three Emerging New Drugs for NSCLC: Pemetrexed, Bortezomib, and Cetuximab.
S. Dubey and J. H. Schiller (2005)
Oncologist 10, 282-291
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Centrosomal Protein RAS Association Domain Family Protein 1A (RASSF1A)-binding Protein 1 Regulates Mitotic Progression by Recruiting RASSF1A to Spindle Poles.
M. S. Song, J. S. Chang, S. J. Song, T. H. Yang, H. Lee, and D.-S. Lim (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3920-3927
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase II Clinical Experience With the Novel Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Mantle Cell Lymphoma.
O. A. O'Connor, J. Wright, C. Moskowitz, J. Muzzy, B. MacGregor-Cortelli, M. Stubblefield, D. Straus, C. Portlock, P. Hamlin, E. Choi, et al. (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 676-684
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic and molecular identification of genes required for female gametophyte development and function in Arabidopsis.
G. C. Pagnussat, H.-J. Yu, Q. A. Ngo, S. Rajani, S. Mayalagu, C. S. Johnson, A. Capron, L.-F. Xie, D. Ye, and V. Sundaresan (2005)
Development 132, 603-614
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hypoxia induces major effects on cell cycle kinetics and protein expression in Drosophila melanogaster embryos.
R. M. Douglas, R. Farahani, P. Morcillo, A. Kanaan, T. Xu, and G. G. Haddad (2005)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 288, R511-R521
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA damage-induced mitotic catastrophe is mediated by the Chk1-dependent mitotic exit DNA damage checkpoint.
X. Huang, T. Tran, L. Zhang, R. Hatcher, and P. Zhang (2005)
PNAS 102, 1065-1070
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BTB Protein Keap1 Targets Antioxidant Transcription Factor Nrf2 for Ubiquitination by the Cullin 3-Roc1 Ligase.
M. Furukawa and Y. Xiong (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 162-171
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Butyrate-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in bovine kidney epithelial cells: Involvement of caspase and proteasome pathways.
C. J. Li and T. H. Elsasser (2005)
J Anim Sci 83, 89-97
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase I Study of the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Pediatric Patients With Refractory Solid Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study (ADVL0015).
S. M. Blaney, M. Bernstein, K. Neville, J. Ginsberg, B. Kitchen, T. Horton, S. L. Berg, M. Krailo, and P. C. Adamson (2004)
J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 4804-4809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oligosyndactylism Mice Have an Inversion of Chromosome 8.
T. L. Wise and D. D. Pravtcheva (2004)
Genetics 168, 2099-2112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase II Trial of Bortezomib for Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma.
G. V. Kondagunta, B. Drucker, L. Schwartz, J. Bacik, S. Marion, P. Russo, M. Mazumdar, and R. J. Motzer (2004)
J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 3720-3725
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of the Protease and the Turnover Signal Responsible for Cell Cycle-Dependent Degradation of the Caulobacter FliF Motor Protein.
B. Grunenfelder, S. Tawfilis, S. Gehrig, M. Osteras, D. Eglin, and U. Jenal (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 4960-4971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Noncatalytic Requirement for Cyclin A-cdk2 in p27 Turnover.
X.-H. Zhu, H. Nguyen, H. D. Halicka, F. Traganos, and A. Koff (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 6058-6066
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cell-Cell Fusion Induced by the Avian Reovirus Membrane Fusion Protein Is Regulated by Protein Degradation.
M. Shmulevitz, J. Corcoran, J. Salsman, and R. Duncan (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 5996-6004
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase I Trial of the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors With Observations in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer.
C. N. Papandreou, D. D. Daliani, D. Nix, H. Yang, T. Madden, X. Wang, C. S. Pien, R. E. Millikan, S.-M. Tu, L. Pagliaro, et al. (2004)
J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 2108-2121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Cyclin Family in Arabidopsis and Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis of Plant Cyclin-Like Proteins.
G. Wang, H. Kong, Y. Sun, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, N. Altman, C. W. dePamphilis, and H. Ma (2004)
Plant Physiology 135, 1084-1099
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase I Study of Bortezomib in Refractory or Relapsed Acute Leukemias.
J. Cortes, D. Thomas, C. Koller, F. Giles, E. Estey, S. Faderl, G. Garcia-Manero, D. McConkey, G. Patel, R. Guerciolini, et al. (2004)
Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 3371-3376
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of G1 Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Jurkat T Cells by Pentagalloylglucose through Inhibiting Proteasome Activity and Elevating p27Kip1, p21Cip1/WAF1, and Bax Proteins.
W.-J. Chen and J.-K. Lin (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 13496-13505
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phase II Trial of PS-341 in Patients With Renal Cell Cancer: A University of Chicago Phase II Consortium Study.
N. B. Davis, D. A. Taber, R. H. Ansari, C. W. Ryan, C. George, E. E. Vokes, N. J. Vogelzang, and W. M. Stadler (2004)
J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 115-119
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bortezomib Treatment for Multiple Myeloma.
B. L Stanford and S. D Zondor (2003)
Ann. Pharmacother. 37, 1825-1830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The COOH-Terminal Domain of Wild-Type Cot Regulates Its Stability and Kinase Specific Activity.
M. L. Gandara, P. Lopez, R. Hernando, J. G. Castano, and S. Alemany (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 7377-7390
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Strong Lg Attenuation in the Tibetan Plateau.
(2003)
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 2264-2272
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Proliferating and Functionally Differentiated Mammary Epithelial Cells.
S. Desrivieres, T. Prinz, N. Castro-Palomino Laria, M. Meyer, G. Boehm, U. Bauer, J. Schafer, T. Neumann, C. Shemanko, and B. Groner (2003)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2, 1039-1054
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Arabidopsis Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome: Molecular and Genetic Characterization of the APC2 Subunit.
A. Capron, O. Serralbo, K. Fulop, F. Frugier, Y. Parmentier, A. Dong, A. Lecureuil, P. Guerche, E. Kondorosi, B. Scheres, et al. (2003)
PLANT CELL 15, 2370-2382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Degradation of Cyclin B Is Required for the Onset of Anaphase in Mammalian Cells.
D. C. Chang, N. Xu, and K. Q. Luo (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37865-37873
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sit4 Phosphatase Is Functionally Linked to the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System.
T. Singer, S. Haefner, M. Hoffmann, M. Fischer, J. Ilyina, and W. Hilt (2003)
Genetics 164, 1305-1321
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphorylation of Threonine 10 on CKBBP1/SAG/ROC2/Rbx2 by Protein Kinase CKII Promotes the Degradation of I{kappa}B{alpha} and p27Kip1.
Y.-S. Kim, J.-Y. Lee, M.-Y. Son, W. Park, and Y.-S. Bae (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 28462-28469
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The degradation of promyelocytic leukemia and Sp100 proteins by herpes simplex virus 1 is mediated by the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5a.
H. Gu and B. Roizman (2003)
PNAS 100, 8963-8968
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Model for an Early Stage of Tomato Fruit Development: Cell Multiplication and Cessation of the Cell Proliferative Activity.
N. BERTIN, M. GENARD, and S. FISHMAN (2003)
Ann. Bot. 92, 65-72
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Role for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cul8 Ubiquitin Ligase in Proper Anaphase Progression.
J. J. Michel, J. F. McCarville, and Y. Xiong (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 22828-22837
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Models in Applied Physiology: Invited Review: Effect of oxygen deprivation on cell cycle activity: a profile of delay and arrest.
R. M. Douglas and G. G. Haddad (2003)
J Appl Physiol 94, 2068-2083
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Growth Rate-Dependent Regulation of Medial FtsZ Ring Formation.
R. B. Weart and P. A. Levin (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 2826-2834
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cell Context-Dependent Differences in the Induction of E2F-1 Gene Expression by 17{beta}-Estradiol in MCF-7 and ZR-75 Cells.
S. Ngwenya and S. Safe (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 1675-1685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitotic Regulation of Ribosomal S6 Kinase 1 Involves Ser/Thr, Pro Phosphorylation of Consensus and Non-consensus Sites by Cdc2.
O. J. Shah, S. Ghosh, and T. Hunter (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16433-16442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Processing, localization, and requirement of human separase for normal anaphase progression.
A. Chestukhin, C. Pfeffer, S. Milligan, J. A. DeCaprio, and D. Pellman (2003)
PNAS 100, 4574-4579
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rpn6p, a Proteasome Subunit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Is Essential for the Assembly and Activity of the 26 S Proteasome.
P. G. Santamaria, D. Finley, J. P. G. Ballesta, and M. Remacha (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 6687-6695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity Is Required for Apoptotic Death But Not Inclusion Formation in Cortical Neurons after Proteasomal Inhibition.
H. J. Rideout, Q. Wang, D. S. Park, and L. Stefanis (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 1237-1245
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Protein Stability as a Mechanism That Enhances Nrf2-mediated Transcriptional Activation of the Antioxidant Response Element. DEGRADATION OF Nrf2 BY THE 26 S PROTEASOME.
T. Nguyen, P. J. Sherratt, H.-C. Huang, C. S. Yang, and C. B. Pickett (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4536-4541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of Cellular Signaling Pathways: Prospects for Targeted Therapy in Hematological Malignancies.
F. Ravandi, M. Talpaz, and Z. Estrov (2003)
Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 535-550
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BCR/ABL-mediated Increased Expression of Multiple Known and Novel Genes That May Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.
S. Salesse and C. M. Verfaillie (2003)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 2, 173-182
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The highly conserved Ndc80 complex is required for kinetochore assembly, chromosome congression, and spindle checkpoint activity.
M. L. McCleland, R. D. Gardner, M. J. Kallio, J. R. Daum, G. J. Gorbsky, D. J. Burke, and P. T. Stukenberg (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 101-114
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mutational Analysis Reveals a Role for the C Terminus of the Proteasome Subunit Rpt4p in Spindle Pole Body Duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
H. B. McDonald, A. H. Helfant, E. M. Mahony, S. K. Khosla, and L. Goetsch (2002)
Genetics 162, 705-720
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Geminin Deficiency Causes a Chk1-dependent G2 Arrest in Xenopus.
T. J. McGarry (2002)
Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 3662-3671
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mad2 and BubR1 Function in a Single Checkpoint Pathway that Responds to a Loss of Tension.
K. B. Shannon, J. C. Canman, and E. D. Salmon (2002)
Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 3706-3719
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 Inhibits Human Myeloma Cell Growth in Vivo and Prolongs Survival in a Murine Model.
R. LeBlanc, L. P. Catley, T. Hideshima, S. Lentzsch, C. S. Mitsiades, N. Mitsiades, D. Neuberg, O. Goloubeva, C. S. Pien, J. Adams, et al. (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 4996-5000
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Escherichia coli Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Leads to Formylation of the Cytoplasmic Initiator tRNA and Possibly to Initiation of Protein Synthesis with Formylmethionine.
V. Ramesh, C. Kohrer, and U. L. RajBhandary (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 5434-5442
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sgt1p Contributes to Cyclic AMP Pathway Activity and Physically Interacts with the Adenylyl Cyclase Cyr1p/Cdc35p in Budding Yeast.
C. Dubacq, R. Guerois, R. Courbeyrette, K. Kitagawa, and C. Mann (2002)
Eukaryot. Cell 1, 568-582
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The dynamic localisation of the Drosophila APC/C: evidence for the existence of multiple complexes that perform distinct functions and are differentially localised.
J.-y. Huang and J. W. Raff (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 2847-2856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
EDD, the Human Hyperplastic Discs Protein, Has a Role in Progesterone Receptor Coactivation and Potential Involvement in DNA Damage Response.
M. J. Henderson, A. J. Russell, S. Hird, M. Munoz, J. L. Clancy, G. M. Lehrbach, S. T. Calanni, D. A. Jans, R. L. Sutherland, and C. K. W. Watts (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 26468-26478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cell Attachment to the Extracellular Matrix Induces Proteasomal Degradation of p21CIP1 via Cdc42/Rac1 Signaling.
W. Bao, M. Thullberg, H. Zhang, A. Onischenko, and S. Stromblad (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 4587-4597
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cell-Cycle Dependent Dynamic Change of 26S Proteasome Distribution in Tobacco BY-2 Cells.
Y. Yanagawa, S. Hasezawa, F. Kumagai, M. Oka, M. Fujimuro, T. Naito, T. Makino, H. Yokosawa, K. Tanaka, A. Komamine, et al. (2002)
Plant Cell Physiol. 43, 604-613
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Human Mitotic-specific Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme, UbcH10.
Y. Lin, W. C. Hwang, and R. Basavappa (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 21913-21921
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Laser Capture Microdissection and Microarray Expression Analysis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Reveals Tobacco Smoking- and Prognosis-related Molecular Profiles.
K. Miura, E. D. Bowman, R. Simon, A. C. Peng, A. I. Robles, R. T. Jones, T. Katagiri, P. He, H. Mizukami, L. Charboneau, et al. (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 3244-3250
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Xic1 degradation in Xenopus egg extracts is coupled to initiation of DNA replication.
Z. You, K. Harvey, L. Kong, and J. Newport (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 1182-1194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of UBC5 Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme by the RING Finger of ROC1 and Assembly of Active Ubiquitin Ligases by All Cullins.
M. Furukawa, T. Ohta, and Y. Xiong (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 15758-15765
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chfr Regulates a Mitotic Stress Pathway through its RING-Finger Domain with Ubiquitin Ligase Activity.
P. Chaturvedi, V. Sudakin, M. L. Bobiak, P. W. Fisher, M. R. Mattern, S. A. Jablonski, M. R. Hurle, Y. Zhu, T. J. Yen, and B.-B. S. Zhou (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 1797-1801
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Critical Role for Pin2/TRF1 in ATM-dependent Regulation. INHIBITION OF Pin2/TRF1 FUNCTION COMPLEMENTS TELOMERE SHORTENING, RADIOSENSITIVITY, AND THE G2/M CHECKPOINT DEFECT OF ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA CELLS.
S. Kishi and K. P. Lu (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 7420-7429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple Subunits of the Caenorhabditis elegans Anaphase-Promoting Complex Are Required for Chromosome Segregation During Meiosis I.
E. S. Davis, L. Wille, B. A. Chestnut, P. L. Sadler, D. C. Shakes, and A. Golden (2002)
Genetics 160, 805-813
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development of the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341.
J. Adams (2002)
Oncologist 7, 9-16
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of the Anaphase-promoting Complex by the Dual Specificity Phosphatase Human Cdc14a.
J. Bembenek and H. Yu (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48237-48242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between Cyclin T1 and SCFSKP2 Targets CDK9 for Ubiquitination and Degradation by the Proteasome.
R. E. Kiernan, S. Emiliani, K. Nakayama, A. Castro, J. C. Labbe, T. Lorca, K.-i. Nakayama, and M. Benkirane (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 7956-7970
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)