Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 27 September 1996:
Vol. 273. no. 5283, pp. 1856 - 1862
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5283.1856
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Genetic Restriction of HIV-1 Infection and Progression to AIDS by a Deletion Allele of the CKR5 Structural Gene

Michael Dean, * Mary Carrington, * Cheryl Winkler, Gavin A. Huttley, Michael W. Smith, Rando Allikmets, James J. Goedert, Susan P. Buchbinder, Eric Vittinghoff, Edward Gomperts, Sharyne Donfield, David Vlahov, Richard Kaslow, Alfred Saah, Charles Rinaldo, Roger Detels, Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study, Stephen J. O'Brien dagger

The chemokine receptor 5 (CKR5) protein serves as a secondary receptor on CD4+ T lymphocytes for certain strains of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1). The CKR5 structural gene was mapped to human chromosome 3p21, and a 32-base pair deletion allele (CKR5Delta 32) was identified that is present at a frequency of sim 0.10 in the Caucasian population of the United States. An examination of 1955 patients included among six well-characterized acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cohort studies revealed that 17 deletion homozygotes occurred exclusively among 612 exposed HIV-1 antibody-negative individuals (2.8 percent) and not at all in 1343 HIV-1-infected individuals. The frequency of CKR5 deletion heterozygotes was significantly elevated in groups of individuals that had survived HIV-1 infection for more than 10 years, and, in some risk groups, twice as frequent as their occurrence in rapid progressors to AIDS. Survival analysis clearly shows that disease progression is slower in CKR5 deletion heterozygotes than in individuals homozygous for the normal CKR5 gene. The CKR5Delta 32 deletion may act as a recessive restriction gene against HIV-1 infection and may exert a dominant phenotype of delaying progression to AIDS among infected individuals.

M. Dean, G. A. Huttley, R. Allikmets, S. J. O'Brien, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
M. Carrington, C. Winkler, M. W. Smith, Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corporation Frederick, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
J. J. Goedert, Viral Epidemiology Branch, NCI-Executive Plaza North, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
S. P. Buchbinder and E. Vittinghoff, San Francisco City Clinic, Department of Public Health, 24 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94102-8033, USA.
E. Gomperts, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
S. Donfield, New England Research Institute, Incorporated, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA 02172, USA.
D. Vlahov, Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
R. Kaslow, Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 South 20th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294-0008, USA.
A. Saah, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
C. Rinaldo, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, 4200 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
R. Detels, University of California, Los Angeles, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1772, USA.
*   These authors contributed equally to this study.

dagger    To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Read the Full Text


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Genetics and the general physician: insights, applications and future challenges.
J.C. Knight (2009)
QJM 102, 757-772
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preinfection Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Failed To Prevent HIV Type 1 Infection from Strains Genetically Unrelated to Viruses in Long-Term Exposed Partners.
Y. Liu, A. Woodward, H. Zhu, T. Andrus, J. McNevin, J. Lee, J. I. Mullins, L. Corey, M. J. McElrath, and T. Zhu (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 10821-10829
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Derivation and Characterization of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Variant with Tropism for CXCR4.
G. Q. Del Prete, B. Haggarty, G. J. Leslie, A. P. O. Jordan, J. Romano, N. Wang, J. Wang, M. C. Holmes, D. C. Montefiori, and J. A. Hoxie (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 9911-9922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus Entry via the Alternative Coreceptors CCR3 and FPRL1 Differs by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype.
R. Nedellec, M. Coetzer, N. Shimizu, H. Hoshino, V. R. Polonis, L. Morris, U. E. A. Martensson, J. Binley, J. Overbaugh, and D. E. Mosier (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 8353-8363
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR5 Deletion Protects Against Inflammation-Associated Mortality in Dialysis Patients.
F. L.H. Muntinghe, M. Verduijn, M. W. Zuurman, D. C. Grootendorst, J. J. Carrero, A. R. Qureshi, K. Luttropp, L. Nordfors, B. Lindholm, V. Brandenburg, et al. (2009)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20, 1641-1649
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression: A Meta-analysis.
N. Risch, R. Herrell, T. Lehner, K.-Y. Liang, L. Eaves, J. Hoh, A. Griem, M. Kovacs, J. Ott, and K. R. Merikangas (2009)
JAMA 301, 2462-2471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeted Delivery of Immunogen to Primate M Cells with Tetragalloyl Lysine Dendrimer.
S. Misumi, M. Masuyama, N. Takamune, D. Nakayama, R. Mitsumata, H. Matsumoto, N. Urata, Y. Takahashi, A. Muneoka, T. Sukamoto, et al. (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 6061-6070
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Deletion Mutation That Confers Resistance to CCR5 Inhibitors and the Ability To Use Aplaviroc-Bound Receptor.
K. M. Nolan, G. Q. Del Prete, A. P. O. Jordan, B. Haggarty, J. Romano, G. J. Leslie, and J. A. Hoxie (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 3798-3809
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Anti-HIV-1 Therapeutics: From FDA-approved Drugs to Hypothetical Future Targets.
C. S. Adamson and E. O. Freed (2009)
Mol. Interv. 9, 70-74
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Relative Activity of "Function Sparing" HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors on Viral Entry and CCR5 Internalization: Is Allosteric Functional Selectivity a Valuable Therapeutic Property?.
V. M. Muniz-Medina, S. Jones, J. M. Maglich, C. Galardi, R. E. Hollingsworth, W. M. Kazmierski, R. G. Ferris, M. P. Edelstein, K. E. Chiswell, and T. P. Kenakin (2009)
Mol. Pharmacol. 75, 490-501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Persistent Low-Level Viremia in Individuals Who Control Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Absence of Antiretroviral Therapy.
H. Hatano, E. L. Delwart, P. J. Norris, T.-H. Lee, J. Dunn-Williams, P. W. Hunt, R. Hoh, S. L. Stramer, J. M. Linnen, J. M. McCune, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 329-335
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maraviroc for Previously Treated Patients with R5 HIV-1 Infection.
R. M. Gulick, J. Lalezari, J. Goodrich, N. Clumeck, E. DeJesus, A. Horban, J. Nadler, B. Clotet, A. Karlsson, M. Wohlfeiler, et al. (2008)
N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1429-1441
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) generated by lentivirus vector-mediated delivery of the CCR5{Delta}32 gene despite detectable expression of the HIV-1 co-receptors.
Q. Jin, J. Marsh, K. Cornetta, and G. Alkhatib (2008)
J. Gen. Virol. 89, 2611-2621
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry using vectors expressing a multimeric hammerhead ribozyme targeting the CCR5 mRNA.
R. Nazari, X. Z. Ma, and S. Joshi (2008)
J. Gen. Virol. 89, 2252-2261
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications and polymorphisms in CCR5 affect risk of systemic lupus erythaematosus.
M Mamtani, B Rovin, R Brey, J F Camargo, H Kulkarni, M Herrera, P Correa, S Holliday, J-M Anaya, and S K Ahuja (2008)
Ann Rheum Dis 67, 1076-1083
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Host-Directed Drug Targeting of Factors Hijacked by Pathogens.
A. Schwegmann and F. Brombacher (2008)
Science Signaling 1, re8
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Common CCR5-del32 Frameshift Mutation Associated With Serum Levels of Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Bruneck Population.
A. R. Afzal, S. Kiechl, Y. P. Daryani, A. Weerasinghe, Y. Zhang, M. Reindl, A. Mayr, S. Weger, Q. Xu, and J. Willeit (2008)
Stroke 39, 1972-1978
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Coreceptor Tropism Can Be Influenced by Amino Acid Substitutions in the gp41 Transmembrane Subunit of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein.
W. Huang, J. Toma, S. Fransen, E. Stawiski, J. D. Reeves, J. M. Whitcomb, N. Parkin, and C. J. Petropoulos (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 5584-5593
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Alteration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Leads to Reduced CCR5 Dependence and CD4 Independence.
B. M. Taylor, J. S. Foulke, R. Flinko, A. Heredia, A. DeVico, and M. Reitz (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 5460-5471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR5{Delta}32 59537-G/A Promoter Polymorphism Is Associated with Low Translational Efficiency and the Loss of CCR5{Delta}32 Protective Effects.
Q. Jin, L. Agrawal, L. Meyer, R. Tubiana, I. Theodorou, and G. Alkhatib (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 2418-2426
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Significant Virus Replication in Langerhans Cells following Application of HIV to Abraded Skin: Relevance to Occupational Transmission of HIV.
T. Kawamura, Y. Koyanagi, Y. Nakamura, Y. Ogawa, A. Yamashita, T. Iwamoto, M. Ito, A. Blauvelt, and S. Shimada (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 3297-3304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Divergence in Lymphoid Tissue Apoptosis between Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of Nonhuman Primates.
M.-C. Cumont, O. Diop, B. Vaslin, C. Elbim, L. Viollet, V. Monceaux, S. Lay, G. Silvestri, R. Le Grand, M. Muller-Trutwin, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 1175-1184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Partial Deletions within the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Loop on Coreceptor Tropism and Sensitivity to Entry Inhibitors.
K. M. Nolan, A. P. O. Jordan, and J. A. Hoxie (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 664-673
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of the Association with Cervical Cancer of Polymorphisms in Syndecan-1, a Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Involved with Viral Cell Entry.
K. J. Yu, A. Bashirova, M. M. Madeleine, J. Cheng, L. G. Johnson, S. M. Schwartz, M. Carrington, and A. Hildesheim (2007)
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16, 2504-2508
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: TLR4 polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans.
B. Ferwerda, M. B. B. McCall, S. Alonso, E. J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, M. Mouktaroudi, N. Izagirre, D. Syafruddin, G. Kibiki, T. Cristea, A. Hijmans, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 16645-16650
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection.
S. Mehandru, B. Vcelar, T. Wrin, G. Stiegler, B. Joos, H. Mohri, D. Boden, J. Galovich, K. Tenner-Racz, P. Racz, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 11016-11031
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stable reduction of CCR5 by RNAi through hematopoietic stem cell transplant in non-human primates.
D. S. An, R. E. Donahue, M. Kamata, B. Poon, M. Metzger, S.-H. Mao, A. Bonifacino, A. E. Krouse, J.-L. Darlix, D. Baltimore, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 13110-13115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR5{Delta}32 Protein Expression and Stability Are Critical for Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vivo.
L. Agrawal, Q. Jin, J. Altenburg, L. Meyer, R. Tubiana, I. Theodorou, and G. Alkhatib (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 8041-8049
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapamycin Reduces CCR5 Density Levels on CD4 T Cells, and This Effect Results in Potentiation of Enfuvirtide (T-20) against R5 Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro.
A. Heredia, B. Gilliam, O. Latinovic, N. Le, D. Bamba, A. DeVico, G. B. Melikyan, R. C. Gallo, and R. R. Redfield (2007)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 2489-2496
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Susceptibility, HIV Infection, and the Kidney.
K. Kiryluk, J. Martino, and A. G. Gharavi (2007)
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2, S25-S35
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CCR5 Deficiency Drives Enhanced Natural Killer Cell Trafficking to and Activation within the Liver in Murine T Cell-Mediated Hepatitis.
M. N. Ajuebor, Z. Wondimu, C. M. Hogaboam, T. Le, A. E.I. Proudfoot, and M. G. Swain (2007)
Am. J. Pathol. 170, 1975-1988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Alleles Show Major Differences in Pathogenicity in Transgenic Mice.
E. Priceputu, Z. Hanna, C. Hu, M.-C. Simard, P. Vincent, S. Wildum, M. Schindler, F. Kirchhoff, and P. Jolicoeur (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 4677-4693
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Production of Specific mRNA Transcripts, Usage of an Alternate Promoter, and Octamer-Binding Transcription Factors Influence the Surface Expression Levels of the HIV Coreceptor CCR5 on Primary T Cells.
S. Mummidi, L. M. Adams, S. E. VanCompernolle, M. Kalkonde, J. F. Camargo, H. Kulkarni, A. S. Bellinger, G. Bonello, H. Tagoh, S. S. Ahuja, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 5668-5681
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevalence of X4 tropic viruses in patients recently infected with HIV-1 and lack of association with transmission of drug resistance.
C. de Mendoza, C. Rodriguez, F. Garcia, J. M. Eiros, L. Ruiz, E. Caballero, A. Aguilera, P. Leiva, J. Colomina, F. Gutierrez, et al. (2007)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59, 698-704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cohort Profile: The North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD).
S. J Gange, M. M Kitahata, M. S Saag, D. R Bangsberg, R. J Bosch, J. T Brooks, L. Calzavara, S. G Deeks, J. J Eron, K. A Gebo, et al. (2007)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 36, 294-301
   Full Text »    PDF »
Preferential Infection of Dendritic Cells during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Blood Leukocytes.
P. U. Cameron, A. J. Handley, D. C. Baylis, A. E. Solomon, N. Bernard, D. F. J. Purcell, and S. R. Lewin (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 2297-2306
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Essential Roles of the CC Chemokine Ligand 3-CC Chemokine Receptor 5 Axis in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis through Regulation of Macrophage and Fibrocyte Infiltration.
Y. Ishida, A. Kimura, T. Kondo, T. Hayashi, M. Ueno, N. Takakura, K. Matsushima, and N. Mukaida (2007)
Am. J. Pathol. 170, 843-854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A haplotype of the human CXCR1 gene protective against rapid disease progression in HIV-1+ patients.
A. Vasilescu, Y. Terashima, M. Enomoto, S. Heath, V. Poonpiriya, H. Gatanaga, H. Do, G. Diop, T. Hirtzig, P. Auewarakul, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 3354-3359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistant to the Small-Molecule CCR5 Antagonist TAK-652.
M. Baba, H. Miyake, X. Wang, M. Okamoto, and K. Takashima (2007)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 707-715
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective Effect of the Nramp1 BB Genotype against Brucella abortus in the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
R. Capparelli, F. Alfano, M. G. Amoroso, G. Borriello, D. Fenizia, A. Bianco, S. Roperto, F. Roperto, and D. Iannelli (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 988-996
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simulations Provide Support for the Common Disease-Common Variant Hypothesis.
B. Peng and M. Kimmel (2007)
Genetics 175, 763-776
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Protection against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred by CCR5{Delta}32: Evidence that CCR5 Contributes to Viral Persistence.
C. L. Thio, J. Astemborski, A. Bashirova, T. Mosbruger, S. Greer, M. D. Witt, J. J. Goedert, M. Hilgartner, A. Majeske, S. J. O'Brien, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 441-445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Frequency of Circulating CCR5+ CD4+ T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection.
R. Soares, R. Foxall, A. Albuquerque, C. Cortesao, M. Garcia, R. M. M. Victorino, and A. E. Sousa (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 12425-12429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Explaining, predicting, and treating HIV-associated CD4 cell loss: after 25 years still a puzzle..
W. K. Henry, P. Tebas, and H. C. Lane (2006)
JAMA 296, 1523-1525
   Full Text »    PDF »
Investigation of a New Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant, Dual-Tropic HIV-1 Infection--New York City, 2005.
(2006)
JAMA 296, 1226-1228
   Full Text »    PDF »
Discordant immunological and virological responses to antiretroviral therapy.
M. Schechter and S. H. Tuboi (2006)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 506-510
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biology of CCR5 and its role in HIV infection and treatment..
M. M. Lederman, A. Penn-Nicholson, M. Cho, and D. Mosier (2006)
JAMA 296, 815-826
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Emergence of CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Variants in a Minority of HIV-1-Infected Patients following Treatment with the CCR5 Antagonist Maraviroc Is from a Pretreatment CXCR4-Using Virus Reservoir..
M. Westby, M. Lewis, J. Whitcomb, M. Youle, A. L. Pozniak, I. T. James, T. M. Jenkins, M. Perros, and E. van der Ryst (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 4909-4920
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preclinical Evaluation of Synthetic -2 RANTES as a Candidate Vaginal Microbicide To Target CCR5..
T. M. Kish-Catalone, W. Lu, R. C. Gallo, and A. L. DeVico (2006)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 1497-1509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Resistance to Brucella abortus in the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
G. Borriello, R. Capparelli, M. Bianco, D. Fenizia, F. Alfano, F. Capuano, D. Ercolini, A. Parisi, S. Roperto, and D. Iannelli (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 2115-2120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic and Functional Analysis of R5X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Two Individuals Homozygous for the CCR5{Delta}32 Allele..
L. Gray, M. J. Churchill, N. Keane, J. Sterjovski, A. M. Ellett, D. F. J. Purcell, P. Poumbourios, C. Kol, B. Wang, N. K. Saksena, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 3684-3691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Innate and Adaptive Mucosal Immunity in Protection against HIV Infection.
L.A. Bergmeier and T. Lehner (2006)
Advances in Dental Research 19, 21-28
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Human {beta}-defensins in HIV Infection.
A. Weinberg, M.E. Quinones-Mateu, and M.M. Lederman (2006)
Advances in Dental Research 19, 42-48
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of 100% of mutations in 124 individuals using a standard UV/Vis microplate reader: a novel concept for mutation scanning.
T. Tabone, G. Sallmann, E. Webb, and R. G. H. Cotton (2006)
Nucleic Acids Res. 34, e45
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association Between the CCR5 32-bp Deletion Allele and Late Onset of Schizophrenia.
H. B. Rasmussen, S. Timm, A. G. Wang, K. Soeby, H. Lublin, M. Fenger, R. Hemmingsen, and T. Werge (2006)
Am J Psychiatry 163, 507-511
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Enhances Cardiac Dysfunction but Not Retroviral Replication in Murine AIDS: Roles of Macrophage Infiltration and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression.
A. A. Chaves, R. S. Baliga, M. J. Mihm, B. L. Schanbacher, A. Basuray, C. Liu, A. C. Cook, L. W. Ayers, and J. A. Bauer (2006)
Am. J. Pathol. 168, 727-735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Immunization with CCR5-Based Cycloimmunogen on Simian/HIVSF162P3 Challenge.
S. Misumi, D. Nakayama, M. Kusaba, T. Iiboshi, R. Mukai, K. Tachibana, T. Nakasone, M. Umeda, H. Shibata, M. Endo, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 463-471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD8+ and CD20+ Lymphocytes Cooperate To Control Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chimeric Virus Infections in Rhesus Monkeys: Modulation by Major Histocompatibility Complex Genotype.
H. Mao, B. A. P. Lafont, T. Igarashi, Y. Nishimura, C. Brown, V. Hirsch, A. Buckler-White, R. Sadjadpour, and M. A. Martin (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 14887-14898
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription factor GATA-1 potently represses the expression of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 in human T cells and dendritic cells.
M. S. Sundrud, S. E. VanCompernolle, K. A. Eger, T. C. Bruno, A. Subramaniam, S. Mummidi, S. K. Ahuja, and D. Unutmaz (2005)
Blood 106, 3440-3448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TAK-652 Inhibits CCR5-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection In Vitro and Has Favorable Pharmacokinetics in Humans.
M. Baba, K. Takashima, H. Miyake, N. Kanzaki, K. Teshima, X. Wang, M. Shiraishi, and Y. Iizawa (2005)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 4584-4591
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low-Level CD4+ T Cell Activation Is Associated with Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection.
F. A. Koning, S. A. Otto, M. D. Hazenberg, L. Dekker, M. Prins, F. Miedema, and H. Schuitemaker (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6117-6122
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of a Combined Ex Vivo/In Vivo Population Approach for Screening of Human Genes Involved in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Life Cycle for Variants Influencing Disease Progression.
G. Bleiber, M. May, R. Martinez, P. Meylan, J. Ott, J. S. Beckmann, A. Telenti, and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 12674-12680
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Determinants and Ethnic Disparities in Sepsis-associated Acute Lung Injury.
K. C. Barnes (2005)
Proceedings of the ATS 2, 195-201
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Combined Effect of CCR5-{Delta}32 Heterozygosity and the CCR5 Promoter Polymorphism -2459 A/G on CCR5 Expression and Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission.
F. Hladik, H. Liu, E. Speelmon, D. Livingston-Rosanoff, S. Wilson, P. Sakchalathorn, Y. Hwangbo, B. Greene, T. Zhu, and M. J. McElrath (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 11677-11684
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tetraspanins in Viral Infections: a Fundamental Role in Viral Biology?.
F. Martin, D. M. Roth, D. A. Jans, C. W. Pouton, L. J. Partridge, P. N. Monk, and G. W. Moseley (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 10839-10851
   Full Text »    PDF »
Inborn errors of immunity to infection: the rule rather than the exception.
J.-L. Casanova and L. Abel (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 197-201
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differences in the Fitness of Two Diverse Wild-Type Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Are Related to the Efficiency of Cell Binding and Entry.
A. J. Marozsan, D. M. Moore, M. A. Lobritz, E. Fraundorf, A. Abraha, J. D. Reeves, and E. J. Arts (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 7121-7134
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Injection Drug Users with Late-Stage Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
D. Vlahov, N. Galai, M. Safaeian, S. Galea, G. D. Kirk, G. M. Lucas, and T. R. Sterling (2005)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 161, 999-1012
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
What caused the Black Death?.
C J Duncan and S Scott (2005)
Postgrad. Med. J. 81, 315-320
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adverse Associations Between CX3CR1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Cardiovascular or Cerebrovascular Disease.
E. Lavergne, J. Labreuche, M. Daoudi, P. Debre, F. Cambien, P. Deterre, P. Amarenco, C. Combadiere, and on Behalf of the GENIC Investigators (2005)
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 847-853
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Isolation and Characterization of Griffithsin, a Novel HIV-inactivating Protein, from the Red Alga Griffithsia sp..
T. Mori, B. R. O'Keefe, R. C. Sowder II, S. Bringans, R. Gardella, S. Berg, P. Cochran, J. A. Turpin, R. W. Buckheit Jr., J. B. McMahon, et al. (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 9345-9353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reappraisal of the historical selective pressures for the CCR5-{Delta}32 mutation.
S R Duncan, S Scott, and C J Duncan (2005)
J. Med. Genet. 42, 205-208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potent Anti-R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Effects of a CCR5 Antagonist, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140, in a Novel Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Nonobese Diabetic-SCID, Interleukin-2 Receptor {gamma}-Chain-Knocked-Out AIDS Mouse Model.
H. Nakata, K. Maeda, T. Miyakawa, S. Shibayama, M. Matsuo, Y. Takaoka, M. Ito, Y. Koyanagi, and H. Mitsuya (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 2087-2096
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors is characterized by the unique presence of ancestral sequences in the viral population.
G. Bello, C. Casado, V. Sandonis, M. Alonso-Nieto, J. L. Vicario, S. Garcia, V. Hernando, C. Rodriguez, J. d. Romero, and C. Lopez-Galindez (2005)
J. Gen. Virol. 86, 355-364
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for Negative Binding Cooperativity within CCR5-CCR2b Heterodimers.
L. El-Asmar, J.-Y. Springael, S. Ballet, E. U. Andrieu, G. Vassart, and M. Parmentier (2005)
Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 460-469
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Fetal Thymic Organ Culture Induces Cytokine and CCR5 Expression.
S. K. Choudhary, N. R. Choudhary, K. C. Kimbrell, J. Colasanti, A. Ziogas, D. Kwa, H. Schuitemaker, and D. Camerini (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 458-471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication by a Dual CCR5/CXCR4 Antagonist.
K. Princen, S. Hatse, K. Vermeire, S. Aquaro, E. De Clercq, L.-O. Gerlach, M. Rosenkilde, T. W. Schwartz, R. Skerlj, G. Bridger, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 12996-13006
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Medicinal chemistry applied to a synthetic protein: Development of highly potent HIV entry inhibitors.
O. Hartley, H. Gaertner, J. Wilken, D. Thompson, R. Fish, A. Ramos, C. Pastore, B. Dufour, F. Cerini, A. Melotti, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 16460-16465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recall antigen activation induces prompt release of CCR5 ligands from PBMC: implication in memory responses and immunization.
L. Sun, S. F. Abdelwahab, G. K. Lewis, and A. Garzino-Demo (2004)
Int. Immunol. 16, 1623-1631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
APOBEC3G Genetic Variants and Their Influence on the Progression to AIDS.
P. An, G. Bleiber, P. Duggal, G. Nelson, M. May, B. Mangeat, I. Alobwede, D. Trono, D. Vlahov, S. Donfield, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 11070-11076
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevention of Vaginal SHIV Transmission in Rhesus Macaques Through Inhibition of CCR5.
M. M. Lederman, R. S. Veazey, R. Offord, D. E. Mosier, J. Dufour, M. Mefford, M. Piatak Jr., J. D. Lifson, J. R. Salkowitz, B. Rodriguez, et al. (2004)
Science 306, 485-487
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Entry and Transcription as Key Determinants of Differences in CD4 T-Cell Permissiveness to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
A. Ciuffi, G. Bleiber, M. Munoz, R. Martinez, C. Loeuillet, M. Rehr, M. Fischer, H. F. Gunthard, A. Oxenius, P. Meylan, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10747-10754
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetics of infectious diseases.
A. J. Frodsham and A. V.S. Hill (2004)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, R187-R194
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spirodiketopiperazine-Based CCR5 Inhibitor Which Preserves CC-Chemokine/CCR5 Interactions and Exerts Potent Activity against R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro.
K. Maeda, H. Nakata, Y. Koh, T. Miyakawa, H. Ogata, Y. Takaoka, S. Shibayama, K. Sagawa, D. Fukushima, J. Moravek, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 8654-8662
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PSC-RANTES Blocks R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Langerhans Cells Isolated from Individuals with a Variety of CCR5 Diplotypes.
T. Kawamura, S. E. Bruce, A. Abraha, M. Sugaya, O. Hartley, R. E. Offord, E. J. Arts, P. A. Zimmerman, and A. Blauvelt (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 7602-7609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in hepatitis C--at the crossroads of the antiviral immune response?.
G. Ahlenstiel, R. P. Woitas, J. Rockstroh, and U. Spengler (2004)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53, 895-898
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Autoantibodies to CCR5 in Macaques and Subsequent Effects upon Challenge with an R5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
B. Chackerian, L. Briglio, P. S. Albert, D. R. Lowy, and J. T. Schiller (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 4037-4047
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Differential Sensitivity of Human and Rhesus Macaque CCR5 to Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Is Explained by a Single Amino Acid Difference and Suggests a Mechanism of Action for These Inhibitors.
E. Billick, C. Seibert, P. Pugach, T. Ketas, A. Trkola, M. J. Endres, N. J. Murgolo, E. Coates, G. R. Reyes, B. M. Baroudy, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 4134-4144
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, S. W. Wietgrefe, Q. Li, M. D. Shore, L. Duan, C. Reilly, J. D. Lifson, and A. T. Haase (2004)
PNAS 101, 5640-5645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Patterns of ethnic diversity among the genes that influence AIDS.
C. Winkler, P. An, and S. J. O'Brien (2004)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 13, R9-19
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent GB Virus C Infection and Survival in HIV-Infected Men.
C. F. Williams, D. Klinzman, T. E. Yamashita, J. Xiang, P. M. Polgreen, C. Rinaldo, C. Liu, J. Phair, J. B. Margolick, D. Zdunek, et al. (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 981-990
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role for CCR5{Delta}32 Protein in Resistance to R5, R5X4, and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary CD4+ Cells.
L. Agrawal, X. Lu, J. Qingwen, Z. VanHorn-Ali, I. V. Nicolescu, D. H. McDermott, P. M. Murphy, and G. Alkhatib (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 2277-2287
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mapping a locus for susceptibility to HIV-1-associated nephropathy to mouse chromosome 3.
A. G. Gharavi, T. Ahmad, R. D. Wong, R. Hooshyar, J. Vaughn, S. Oller, R. Z. Frankel, L. A. Bruggeman, V. D. D'Agati, P. E. Klotman, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 2488-2493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of Homozygous Wild-Type Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genotype with Increased Breast Cancer Risk.
N. Roodi, W. D. Dupont, J. H. Moore, and F. F. Parl (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 1233-1236
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fraction of Cases of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Prevented by the Interactions of Identified Restriction Gene Variants.
M. J. Silverberg, M. W. Smith, J. S. Chmiel, R. Detels, J. B. Margolick, C. R. Rinaldo, S. J. O'Brien, and A. Munoz (2004)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 232-241
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)