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Science 9 August 1996:
Vol. 273. no. 5276, pp. 806 - 810
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5276.806
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Reports

Functional Uncoupling of Linked Neurotransmitter Effects by Combinatorial Convergence

Vladimir Brezina, * Irina V. Orekhova, Klaudiusz R. Weiss

Physiological signaling pathways both diverge and convergemdash a single neurotransmitter can have multiple effects and multiple transmitters can have the same effectsmdash in the same target cell. Divergence couples the effects of a transmitter together in a relatively fixed ratio. Different physiological circumstances may require a different ratio, however; the coupling must be made modifiable. This can be achieved through convergence. If two transmitters couple the effects in different ratios, then combinations of the transmitters can yield all intermediate ratios of the effects, thus functionally uncoupling them. This mechanism is analyzed in a well-understood, simple invertebrate neuromuscular circuit.

Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Fishberg Research Center in Neurobiology, Box 1218, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
*   To whom correspondence should be addressed.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
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Regulation of the Crab Heartbeat by Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP): Central and Peripheral Actions.
T. J. Fort, K. Garcia-Crescioni, H.-J. Agricola, V. Brezina, and M. W. Miller (2007)
J Neurophysiol 97, 3407-3420
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J Neurophysiol 94, 3938-3950
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Temperature Compensation of Neuromuscular Modulation in Aplysia.
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Identification of a New Neuropeptide Precursor Reveals a Novel Source of Extrinsic Modulation in the Feeding System of Aplysia.
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J. Neurosci. 25, 9637-9648
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J Neurophysiol 93, 2142-2156
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Modeling Neuromuscular Modulation in Aplysia. III. Interaction of Central Motor Commands and Peripheral Modulatory State for Optimal Behavior.
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Cycle-to-Cycle Variability of Neuromuscular Activity in Aplysia Feeding Behavior.
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J Neurophysiol 92, 157-180
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Neuromuscular Modulation in Aplysia. I. Dynamic Model.
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J Neurophysiol 90, 2592-2612
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Neuromuscular Modulation in Aplysia. II. Modulation of the Neuromuscular Transform in Behavior.
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Presynaptic and Interactive Peptidergic Modulation of Reticulospinal Synaptic Inputs in the Lamprey.
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The Neuromuscular Transform: The Dynamic, Nonlinear Link Between Motor Neuron Firing Patterns and Muscle Contraction in Rhythmic Behaviors.
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Optimization of Rhythmic Behaviors by Modulation of the Neuromuscular Transform.
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J Neurophysiol 83, 260-279
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The Aplysia Mytilus Inhibitory Peptide-Related Peptides: Identification, Cloning, Processing, Distribution, and Action.
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Temporal Dynamics of Convergent Modulation at a Crustacean Neuromuscular Junction.
J. C. Jorge-Rivera, K. Sen, J. T. Birmingham, L. F. Abbott, and E. Marder (1998)
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Serotonergic Neurons Differentially Modulate the Efficacy of Two Motor Neurons Innervating the Same Muscle Fibers in Aplysia.
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Resting Membrane Properties of Locust Muscle and Their Modulation I. Actions of the Neuropeptides YGGFMRFamide and Proctolin.
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Ion Currents and Mechanisms of Modulation in the Radula Opener Muscles of Aplysia.
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Control of time-dependent biological processes by temporally patterned input.
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