Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 24 May 1996:
Vol. 272. no. 5265, pp. 1167 - 1170
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5265.1167
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Prognosis in HIV-1 Infection Predicted by the Quantity of Virus in Plasma

John W. Mellors, * Charles R. Rinaldo Jr., Phalguni Gupta, Roseanne M. White, John A. Todd, Lawrence A. Kingsley

The relation between viremia and clinical outcome in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) has important implications for therapeutic research and clinical care. HIV-1 RNA in plasma was quantified with a branched-DNA signal amplification assay as a measure of viral load in a cohort of 180 seropositive men studied for more than 10 years. The risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death in study subjects, including those with normal numbers of CD4+ T cells, was directly related to plasma viral load at study entry. Plasma viral load was a better predictor of progression to AIDS and death than was the number of CD4+ T cells.

J. W. Mellors, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
C. R. Rinaldo Jr., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
P. Gupta, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
R. M. White and J. A. Todd, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
L. A. Kingsley, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 403 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Comparison of four methods to quantify Equid herpesvirus 1 load by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasal secretions of experimentally and naturally infected horses.
N. Pusterla, S. B. Hussey, S. Mapes, C. M. Leutenegger, J. E. Madigan, G. L. Ferraro, W. D. Wilson, and D. P. Lunn (2009)
J Vet Diagn Invest 21, 836-840
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Armored Long RNA Controls or Standards for Branched DNA Assay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
S. Zhan, J. Li, R. Xu, L. Wang, K. Zhang, and R. Zhang (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2571-2576
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses during Primary Infection Are Major Determinants of the Viral Set Point and Loss of CD4+ T Cells.
H. Streeck, J. S. Jolin, Y. Qi, B. Yassine-Diab, R. C. Johnson, D. S. Kwon, M. M. Addo, C. Brumme, J.-P. Routy, S. Little, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 7641-7648
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients.
H. Sung, Y.-S. Jung, and Y.-K. Cho (2009)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16, 1127-1131
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Profound CD4+/CCR5+ T cell expansion is induced by CD8+ lymphocyte depletion but does not account for accelerated SIV pathogenesis.
A. Okoye, H. Park, M. Rohankhedkar, L. Coyne-Johnson, R. Lum, J. M. Walker, S. L. Planer, A. W. Legasse, A. W. Sylwester, M. Piatak Jr., et al. (2009)
J. Exp. Med. 206, 1575-1588
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Development and Assessment of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA.
A. Beloukas, D. Paraskevis, C. Haida, V. Sypsa, and A. Hatzakis (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2194-2199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vaccine-Induced, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Reduce Virus Replication but Do Not Protect from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression.
J. C. Engram, R. M. Dunham, G. Makedonas, T. H. Vanderford, B. Sumpter, N. R. Klatt, S. J. Ratcliffe, S. Garg, M. Paiardini, M. McQuoid, et al. (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 706-717
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Treatment intensification does not reduce residual HIV-1 viremia in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
J. B. Dinoso, S. Y. Kim, A. M. Wiegand, S. E. Palmer, S. J. Gange, L. Cranmer, A. O'Shea, M. Callender, A. Spivak, T. Brennan, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 9403-9408
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Expansion of Epitope-Specific T Cell Responses during Primary HIV-1 Infection.
E. L. Turnbull, M. Wong, S. Wang, X. Wei, N. A. Jones, K. E. Conrod, D. Aldam, J. Turner, P. Pellegrino, B. F. Keele, et al. (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 7131-7145
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of a Striking Systemic Cytokine Cascade prior to Peak Viremia in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, in Contrast to More Modest and Delayed Responses in Acute Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections.
A. R. Stacey, P. J. Norris, L. Qin, E. A. Haygreen, E. Taylor, J. Heitman, M. Lebedeva, A. DeCamp, D. Li, D. Grove, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 3719-3733
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of the Abbott RealTime Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Assay to the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Test: Workflow, Reliability, and Direct Costs.
C. R. Sloma, J. J. Germer, T. M. Gerads, J. N. Mandrekar, P. S. Mitchell, and J. D. C. Yao (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 889-895
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
Z.-M. Ma, M. Stone, M. Piatak Jr., B. Schweighardt, N. L. Haigwood, D. Montefiori, J. D. Lifson, M. P. Busch, and C. J. Miller (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 3288-3297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of a Highly Sensitive Qualitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA Assay for Detection of HIV-1 Suppression.
C. T. Nugent, V. Nodelman, C. Giachetti, D. D. Richman, and D. J. Looney (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 833-836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predicting the Impact of Blocking Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef In Vivo.
W. D. Wick, P. B. Gilbert, and O. O. Yang (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 2349-2356
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Gamma Interferon Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay Responses Targeting Specific Regions of the Proteome during Primary Subtype C Infection Are Poor Predictors of the Course of Viremia and Set Point.
C. M. Gray, M. Mlotshwa, C. Riou, T. Mathebula, D. de Assis Rosa, T. Mashishi, C. Seoighe, N. Ngandu, F. van Loggerenberg, L. Morris, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 470-478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Antiherpetic Drug Acyclovir Inhibits HIV Replication and Selects the V75I Reverse Transcriptase Multidrug Resistance Mutation.
M. A. McMahon, J. D. Siliciano, J. Lai, J. O. Liu, J. T. Stivers, R. F. Siliciano, and R. M. Kohli (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 31289-31293
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Genotypes in Relation to Heterosexual HIV Type 1 Transmission within Discordant Couples.
J. Tang, W. Shao, Y. J. Yoo, I. Brill, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, E. Hunter, and R. A. Kaslow (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 2626-2635
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Screening in Patients Older than 55 Years of Age.
G. D. Sanders, A. M. Bayoumi, M. Holodniy, and D. K. Owens (2008)
Ann Intern Med 148, 889-903
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Psychosocial Influences on HIV-1 Disease Progression: Neural, Endocrine, and Virologic Mechanisms.
S. W. Cole (2008)
Psychosom Med 70, 562-568
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Paucity of CD4+ CCR5+ T Cells May Prevent Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Natural Nonhuman Primate Hosts by Breast-Feeding.
I. Pandrea, R. Onanga, S. Souquiere, A. Mouinga-Ondeme, O. Bourry, M. Makuwa, P. Rouquet, G. Silvestri, F. Simon, P. Roques, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 5501-5509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Short-Lived Infected Cells Support Virus Replication in Sooty Mangabeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus: Implications for AIDS Pathogenesis.
S. N. Gordon, R. M. Dunham, J. C. Engram, J. Estes, Z. Wang, N. R. Klatt, M. Paiardini, I. V. Pandrea, C. Apetrei, D. L. Sodora, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 3725-3735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Divergence in Lymphoid Tissue Apoptosis between Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of Nonhuman Primates.
M.-C. Cumont, O. Diop, B. Vaslin, C. Elbim, L. Viollet, V. Monceaux, S. Lay, G. Silvestri, R. Le Grand, M. Muller-Trutwin, et al. (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 1175-1184
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
FoxP3+ CD25+ CD8+ T-Cell Induction during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques Correlates with Low CD4+ T-Cell Activation and High Viral Load.
I. Karlsson, B. Malleret, P. Brochard, B. Delache, J. Calvo, R. Le Grand, and B. Vaslin (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 13444-13455
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dynamics of T-Cell Responses and Memory T Cells during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques.
I. Karlsson, B. Malleret, P. Brochard, B. Delache, J. Calvo, R. Le Grand, and B. Vaslin (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 13456-13468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Evaluation of the Automated Roche TaqMan Real-Time Quantitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA PCR Assay and the Roche AMPLICOR Version 1.5 Conventional PCR Assay.
A. R. Oliver, S. F. Pereira, and D. A. Clark (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 3616-3619
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: Epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis.
C. Fraser, T. D. Hollingsworth, R. Chapman, F. de Wolf, and W. P. Hanage (2007)
PNAS 104, 17441-17446
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Progressive CD4+ central-memory T cell decline results in CD4+ effector-memory insufficiency and overt disease in chronic SIV infection.
A. Okoye, M. Meier-Schellersheim, J. M. Brenchley, S. I. Hagen, J. M. Walker, M. Rohankhedkar, R. Lum, J. B. Edgar, S. L. Planer, A. Legasse, et al. (2007)
J. Exp. Med. 204, 2171-2185
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test, Version 1.5, on Clinical Laboratory Operations.
J. J. Germer, J. L. Bendel, C. A. Dolenc, S. R. Nelson, A. L. Masters, T. M. Gerads, J. N. Mandrekar, P. S. Mitchell, and J. D. C. Yao (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 3101-3104
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acute Loss of Intestinal CD4+ T Cells Is Not Predictive of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Virulence.
I. V. Pandrea, R. Gautam, R. M. Ribeiro, J. M. Brenchley, I. F. Butler, M. Pattison, T. Rasmussen, P. A. Marx, G. Silvestri, A. A. Lackner, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 3035-3046
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Low Immune Activation despite High Levels of Pathogenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Results in Long-Term Asymptomatic Disease.
S. K. Choudhary, N. Vrisekoop, C. A. Jansen, S. A. Otto, H. Schuitemaker, F. Miedema, and D. Camerini (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 8838-8842
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus Subtype-Specific Features of Natural Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmm Infection in Sooty Mangabeys.
C. Apetrei, R. Gautam, B. Sumpter, A. C. Carter, T. Gaufin, S. I. Staprans, J. Else, M. Barnes, R. Cao Jr., S. Garg, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 7913-7923
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Determining the Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Viral Load using a Marginal Structural Left-censored Mean Model.
S. R. Cole, M. A. Hernan, K. Anastos, B. D. Jamieson, and J. M. Robins (2007)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 166, 219-227
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prognostic Value of HIV-1 RNA, CD4 Cell Count, and CD4 Cell Count Slope for Progression to AIDS and Death in Untreated HIV-1 Infection.
J. W. Mellors, J. B. Margolick, J. P. Phair, C. R. Rinaldo, R. Detels, L. P. Jacobson, and A. Munoz (2007)
JAMA 297, 2349-2350
   Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+ TEMRA Cells in Early Infection Are Linked to Control of HIV-1 Viremia and Predict the Subsequent Viral Load Set Point.
J. W. Northfield, C. P. Loo, J. D. Barbour, G. Spotts, F. M. Hecht, P. Klenerman, D. F. Nixon, and J. Michaelsson (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5759-5765
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An HIV Vaccine -- Evolving Concepts.
M. I. Johnston and A. S. Fauci (2007)
N. Engl. J. Med. 356, 2073-2081
   Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Evidence of Lower Viral Replication Rates In Vivo in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Infection than in HIV-1 Infection.
A. MacNeil, A. D. Sarr, J.-L. Sankale, S. T. Meloni, S. Mboup, and P. Kanki (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5325-5330
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiviral Antibodies Are Necessary for Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication.
C. J. Miller, M. Genesca, K. Abel, D. Montefiori, D. Forthal, K. Bost, J. Li, D. Favre, and J. M. McCune (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 5024-5035
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Dried Spots of Whole Blood, Plasma, and Mother's Milk Collected on Filter Paper for Measurement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Burden.
W. Ayele, R. Schuurman, T. Messele, W. Dorigo-Zetsma, Y. Mengistu, J. Goudsmit, W. A. Paxton, M. P. de Baar, and G. Pollakis (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 891-896
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD8 T-Cell Recognition of Multiple Epitopes within Specific Gag Regions Is Associated with Maintenance of a Low Steady-State Viremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Seropositive Patients.
C. Geldmacher, J. R. Currier, E. Herrmann, A. Haule, E. Kuta, F. McCutchan, L. Njovu, S. Geis, O. Hoffmann, L. Maboko, et al. (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 2440-2448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Correlates of Preserved CD4+ T Cell Homeostasis during Natural, Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Sooty Mangabeys: Implications for AIDS Pathogenesis.
B. Sumpter, R. Dunham, S. Gordon, J. Engram, M. Hennessy, A. Kinter, M. Paiardini, B. Cervasi, N. Klatt, H. McClure, et al. (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 1680-1691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Control of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Is Not Predicted by Inheritance of Mamu-B*17-Containing Haplotypes.
J. A. Wojcechowskyj, L. J. Yant, R. W. Wiseman, S. L. O'Connor, and D. H. O'Connor (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 406-410
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multicenter Performance Evaluation of a New TaqMan PCR Assay for Monitoring Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA Load.
L. Perrin, J. M. Pawlotsky, M. Bouvier-Alias, C. Sarrazin, S. Zeuzem, and G. Colucci (2006)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 4371-4375
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The LOPSAQ study: 48 week analysis of a boosted double protease inhibitor regimen containing lopinavir/ritonavir plus saquinavir without additional antiretroviral therapy.
S. Staszewski, E. Babacan, C. Stephan, A. Haberl, A. Carlebach, P. Gute, S. Klauke, Y. Hermschulte, M. Stuermer, B. Dauer, et al. (2006)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 1024-1030
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses.
S. VandeWoude and C. Apetrei (2006)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 728-762
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection..
B. Rodriguez, A. K. Sethi, V. K. Cheruvu, W. Mackay, R. J. Bosch, M. Kitahata, S. L. Boswell, W. C. Mathews, D. R. Bangsberg, J. Martin, et al. (2006)
JAMA 296, 1498-1506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Explaining, predicting, and treating HIV-associated CD4 cell loss: after 25 years still a puzzle..
W. K. Henry, P. Tebas, and H. C. Lane (2006)
JAMA 296, 1523-1525
   Full Text »    PDF »
Primary HIV..
J Fox, J Weber, and S Fidler (2006)
Sex Transm Inf 82, 267-268
   Full Text »    PDF »
Consistent Effects of TSG101 Genetic Variability on Multiple Outcomes of Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
A. A. Bashirova, G. Bleiber, Y. Qi, H. Hutcheson, T. Yamashita, R. C. Johnson, J. Cheng, G. Alter, J. J. Goedert, S. Buchbinder, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 6757-6763
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of avidity and breadth of the CD4 T cell response in progression to AIDS.
H. Korthals Altes, R. de Boer, and M. Boerlijst (2006)
Proc R Soc B 273, 1697-1704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preserved CD4+ central memory T cells and survival in vaccinated SIV-challenged monkeys..
N. L. Letvin, J. R. Mascola, Y. Sun, D. A. Gorgone, A. P. Buzby, L. Xu, Z.-y. Yang, B. Chakrabarti, S. S. Rao, J. E. Schmitz, et al. (2006)
Science 312, 1530-1533
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef: Adapting to Intracellular Trafficking Pathways.
J. F. Roeth and K. L. Collins (2006)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 548-563
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for potent autologous neutralizing antibody titers and compact envelopes in early infection with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1..
B. Li, J. M. Decker, R. W. Johnson, F. Bibollet-Ruche, X. Wei, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, E. Hunter, B. H. Hahn, G. M. Shaw, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 5211-5218
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vaccine-Induced Cellular Immune Responses Reduce Plasma Viral Concentrations after Repeated Low-Dose Challenge with Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239..
N. A. Wilson, J. Reed, G. S. Napoe, S. Piaskowski, A. Szymanski, J. Furlott, E. J. Gonzalez, L. J. Yant, N. J. Maness, G. E. May, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 5875-5885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantification of Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVpco) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymph nodes and plasma of naturally infected cougars..
D. J. Blake, J. Graham, and M. Poss (2006)
J. Gen. Virol. 87, 967-975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmnd-2 Infection in Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)..
R. Onanga, S. Souquiere, M. Makuwa, A. Mouinga-Ondeme, F. Simon, C. Apetrei, and P. Roques (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 3301-3309
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV Pathogenesis: Knowledge Gained after Two Decades of Research.
J.A. Levy (2006)
Advances in Dental Research 19, 10-16
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The feasibility of clinical endpoint trials in HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) era.
A Mocroft, J Neaton, J Bebchuk, S Staszewski, F Antunes, B Knysz, M Law, A N Phillips, and J D Lundgren (2006)
Clinical Trials 3, 119-132
   Abstract »    PDF »
Th-1-Type Cytotoxic CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Responses to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Are a Consistent Feature of Natural SIV Infection in Sooty Mangabeys.
Z. Wang, B. Metcalf, R. M. Ribeiro, H. McClure, and A. Kaur (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 2771-2783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G mRNA Levels Do Not Correlate with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Plasma Viremia or CD4+ T-Cell Count.
S.-J. Cho, H. Drechsler, R. C. Burke, M. Q. Arens, W. Powderly, and N. O. Davidson (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 2069-2072
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Infectious Molecular Clones from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rapid-Progressor (RP) Macaque: Evidence of Differential Selection of RP-Specific Envelope Mutations In Vitro and In Vivo.
T. Kuwata, H. Dehghani, C. R. Brown, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White, T. Igarashi, J. Mattapallil, M. Roederer, and V. M. Hirsch (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 1463-1475
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Escape from CD8+ T-Cell Responses Represents a Major Driving Force of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Sequence Diversity and Reveals Constraints on HIV-1 Evolution.
T. M. Allen, M. Altfeld, S. C. Geer, E. T. Kalife, C. Moore, K. M. O'Sullivan, I. DeSouza, M. E. Feeney, R. L. Eldridge, E. L. Maier, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 13239-13249
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Stored Serum from Uganda for Development and Evaluation of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Testing Algorithm Involving Multiple Rapid Immunoassays.
D. E. Singer, N. Kiwanuka, D. Serwadda, F. Nalugoda, L. Hird, J. Bulken-Hoover, G. Kigozi, J. A. Malia, E. K. Calero, W. Sateren, et al. (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 5312-5315
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lung CD4 Lymphocytes Predict Survival in Asymptomatic HIV Infection.
M. D. Wewers, S. Lemeshow, A. Lehman, T. L. Clanton, and P. T. Diaz (2005)
Chest 128, 2262-2267
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HLA-B63 Presents HLA-B57/B58-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes and Is Associated with Low Human Immunodeficiency Virus Load.
N. Frahm, S. Adams, P. Kiepiela, C. H. Linde, H. S. Hewitt, M. Lichterfeld, K. Sango, N. V. Brown, E. Pae, A. G. Wurcel, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 10218-10225
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impact of Viral Factors on Very Early In Vivo Replication Profiles in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm-Infected African Green Monkeys.
I. Pandrea, C. Kornfeld, M. J.-Y. Ploquin, C. Apetrei, A. Faye, P. Rouquet, P. Roques, F. Simon, F. Barre-Sinoussi, M. C. Muller-Trutwin, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 6249-6259
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selection for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycosylation Variants with Shorter V1-V2 Loop Sequences Occurs during Transmission of Certain Genetic Subtypes and May Impact Viral RNA Levels.
B. Chohan, D. Lang, M. Sagar, B. Korber, L. Lavreys, B. Richardson, and J. Overbaugh (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 6528-6531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Gamma Interferon Secretion Directed against All Expressed HIV Genes: Relationship to Rate of CD4 Decline.
Y. Peretz, G. Alter, M.-P. Boisvert, G. Hatzakis, C. M. Tsoukas, and N. F. Bernard (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 4908-4917
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plateau Levels of Viremia Correlate with the Degree of CD4+-T-Cell Loss in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm-Infected Pigtailed Macaques: Variable Pathogenicity of Natural SIVagm Isolates.
S. Goldstein, I. Ourmanov, C. R. Brown, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White, R. Byrum, and V. M. Hirsch (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 5153-5162
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Divergent Host Responses during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Infection of Natural Sooty Mangabey and Nonnatural Rhesus Macaque Hosts.
G. Silvestri, A. Fedanov, S. Germon, N. Kozyr, W. J. Kaiser, D. A. Garber, H. McClure, M. B. Feinberg, and S. I. Staprans (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 4043-4054
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of functional and phenotypic changes in anti-Gag vaccine-induced T cell responses and their role in protection after HIV-1 infection.
M. R. Betts, B. Exley, D. A. Price, A. Bansal, Z. T. Camacho, V. Teaberry, S. M. West, D. R. Ambrozak, G. Tomaras, M. Roederer, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 4512-4517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signature for Long-Term Vaccine-Mediated Control of a Simian and Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P Challenge: Stable Low-Breadth and Low-Frequency T-Cell Response Capable of Coproducing Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-2.
S. Sadagopal, R. R. Amara, D. C. Montefiori, L. S. Wyatt, S. I. Staprans, N. L. Kozyr, H. M. McClure, B. Moss, and H. L. Robinson (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 3243-3253
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of Antibody-Dependent Complement-Mediated Inactivation of both Autologous and Heterologous Virus in Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
M. M. I. Aasa-Chapman, S. Holuigue, K. Aubin, M. Wong, N. A. Jones, D. Cornforth, P. Pellegrino, P. Newton, I. Williams, P. Borrow, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 2823-2830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
G. D. Sanders, A. M. Bayoumi, V. Sundaram, S. P. Bilir, C. P. Neukermans, C. E. Rydzak, L. R. Douglass, L. C. Lazzeroni, M. Holodniy, and D. K. Owens (2005)
N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 570-585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of Two Commercially Available, Inexpensive Alternative Assays Used for Assessing Viral Load in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C-Infected Patients from South Africa.
G. Stevens, N. Rekhviashvili, L. E. Scott, R. Gonin, and W. Stevens (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 857-861
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Dominant Role for CD8+-T-Lymphocyte Selection in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Sequence Variation.
D. H. O'Connor, A. B. McDermott, K. C. Krebs, E. J. Dodds, J. E. Miller, E. J. Gonzalez, T. J. Jacoby, L. Yant, H. Piontkivska, R. Pantophlet, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 14012-14022
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape from the Primary CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response.
N. A. Jones, X. Wei, D. R. Flower, M. Wong, F. Michor, M. S. Saag, B. H. Hahn, M. A. Nowak, G. M. Shaw, and P. Borrow (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 200, 1243-1256
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Inoculation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Sooty Mangabeys in Black Mangabeys (Lophocebus aterrimus): First Evidence of AIDS in a Heterologous African Species and Different Pathologic Outcomes of Experimental Infection.
C. Apetrei, B. Gormus, I. Pandrea, M. Metzger, P. ten Haaft, L. N. Martin, R. Bohm, X. Alvarez, G. Koopman, M. Murphey-Corb, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 11506-11518
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Attenuated Central Nervous System Infection in Advanced HIV/AIDS With Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.
J. C. McArthur, M. P. McDermott, D. McClernon, C. St Hillaire, K. Conant, K. Marder, G. Schifitto, O. A. Selnes, N. Sacktor, Y. Stern, et al. (2004)
Arch Neurol 61, 1687-1696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Predicting the Impact of a Nonsterilizing Vaccine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
M. P. Davenport, R. M. Ribeiro, D. L. Chao, and A. S. Perelson (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 11340-11351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Primary HIV-1 Infection Is Associated with Preferential Depletion of CD4+ T Lymphocytes from Effector Sites in the Gastrointestinal Tract.
S. Mehandru, M. A. Poles, K. Tenner-Racz, A. Horowitz, A. Hurley, C. Hogan, D. Boden, P. Racz, and M. Markowitz (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 200, 761-770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells and the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
M. P. Davenport, R. M. Ribeiro, and A. S. Perelson (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10096-10103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Quantifiable cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and HLA-related risk of progression to AIDS.
A. Scherer, J. Frater, A. Oxenius, J. Agudelo, D. A. Price, H. F. Gunthard, M. Barnardo, L. Perrin, B. Hirschel, R. E. Phillips, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 12266-12270
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Classic AIDS in a Sooty Mangabey after an 18-Year Natural Infection.
B. Ling, C. Apetrei, I. Pandrea, R. S. Veazey, A. A. Lackner, B. Gormus, and P. A. Marx (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 8902-8908
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced cellular immunity and systemic control of SHIV infection by combined parenteral and mucosal administration of a DNA prime MVA boost vaccine regimen.
B. Makitalo, P. Lundholm, J. Hinkula, C. Nilsson, K. Karlen, A. Morner, G. Sutter, V. Erfle, J. L. Heeney, B. Wahren, et al. (2004)
J. Gen. Virol. 85, 2407-2419
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mapping Sites of Positive Selection and Amino Acid Diversification in the HIV Genome: An Alternative Approach to Vaccine Design?.
T. de Oliveira, M. Salemi, M. Gordon, A.-M. Vandamme, E. J. van Rensburg, S. Engelbrecht, H. M. Coovadia, and S. Cassol (2004)
Genetics 167, 1047-1058
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individual with Low Viral Load Harbors a Virus Variant That Exhibits an In Vitro RNA Dimerization Defect.
H. Huthoff, A. T. Das, M. Vink, B. Klaver, F. Zorgdrager, M. Cornelissen, and B. Berkhout (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 4907-4913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immune Selection for Altered Antigen Processing Leads to Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Escape in Chronic HIV-1 Infection.
R. Draenert, S. Le Gall, K. J. Pfafferott, A. J. Leslie, P. Chetty, C. Brander, E. C. Holmes, S.-C. Chang, M. E. Feeney, M. M. Addo, et al. (2004)
J. Exp. Med. 199, 905-915
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Correlation between env V1/V2 Region Diversification and Neutralizing Antibodies during Primary Infection by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus sm in Rhesus Macaques.
B. J. Rybarczyk, D. Montefiori, P. R. Johnson, A. West, R. E. Johnston, and R. Swanstrom (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 3561-3571
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Frequent Simian Foamy Virus Infection in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates.
W. M. Switzer, V. Bhullar, V. Shanmugam, M.-e. Cong, B. Parekh, N. W. Lerche, J. L. Yee, J. J. Ely, R. Boneva, L. E. Chapman, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 2780-2789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leishmania infantum Promotes Replication of HIV Type 1 in Human Lymphoid Tissue Cultured Ex Vivo by Inducing Secretion of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-{alpha} and IL-1{alpha}.
C. Zhao, B. Papadopoulou, and M. J. Tremblay (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 3086-3093
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Recall Antigens Suppress HIV-1 Replication in Anergic Donor Cells via CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Increased IL-10 Levels.
S. Ranjbar, N. Ly, S. Thim, J.-M. Reynes, and A. E. Goldfeld (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 1953-1959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent Recognition of Autologous Virus by High-Avidity CD8 T Cells in Chronic, Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
R. Draenert, C. L. Verrill, Y. Tang, T. M. Allen, A. G. Wurcel, M. Boczanowski, A. Lechner, A. Y. Kim, T. Suscovich, N. V. Brown, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 630-641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immune Failure in the Absence of Profound CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Depletion in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rapid Progressor Macaques.
V. M. Hirsch, S. Santra, S. Goldstein, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White, A. Seth, I. Ourmanov, C. R. Brown, R. Engle, D. Montefiori, et al. (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 275-284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Fitness Is a Determining Factor in Viral Rebound and Set Point in Chronic Infection.
A. Trkola, H. Kuster, C. Leemann, C. Ruprecht, B. Joos, A. Telenti, B. Hirschel, R. Weber, S. Bonhoeffer, and H. F. Gunthard (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 13146-13155
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Sequential Viral Escape Mutants Associated with Altered T-Cell Responses in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individual.
M. J. Geels, M. Cornelissen, H. Schuitemaker, K. Anderson, D. Kwa, J. Maas, J. T. Dekker, E. Baan, F. Zorgdrager, R. van den Burg, et al. (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 12430-12440
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)