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Science 15 March 1996:
Vol. 271. no. 5255, pp. 1513 - 1519
DOI: 10.1126/science.271.5255.1513
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Articles

Nucleocytoplasmic Transport

Dirk Görlich * and Iain W. Mattaj

Active transport of proteins and RNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm is a major process in eukaryotic cells. Recently, factors that recognize transport substrates and mediate nuclear import or export have been characterized, revealing interactions that target substrates to the nuclear pore complexes, through which translocation occurs. Translocation requires energy, and for the import process this energy is at least partly consumed by the action of the small guanosine triphosphatase Ran. In the first half of the review, some of the well-established general background information on nucleocytoplasmic transport is discussed. The second half describes recent information on the mechanistic details of nuclear import and export as well as major unresolved issues such as how directionality is conferred on either import or export. The whole review is slanted toward discussion of metazoan cells.

D. Görlich is with the Wellcome/Cancer Research Campaign Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK, and the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK. I. W. Mattaj is with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail: mattaj{at}embl-heidelberg.de
* Present address: Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Postfach 106249, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail: dg{at}sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de


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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structure-Function Analysis of NADE. IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONS THAT MEDIATE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR-INDUCED APOPTOSIS.
J. Mukai, S. Shoji, M. T. Kimura, S. Okubo, H. Sano, P. Suvanto, Y. Li, S. Irie, and T.-A. Sato (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13973-13982
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Phosphorylation and Dimerization Regulate Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Mammalian STE20-like Kinase (MST).
K.-K. Lee and S. Yonehara (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 12351-12358
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nuclear localization of neutral sphingomyelinase 1: biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses.
Y. Mizutani, K. Tamiya-Koizumi, N. Nakamura, M. Kobayashi, Y. Hirabayashi, and S. Yoshida (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 3727-3736
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Intracellular pH homeostasis during cell-cycle progression and growth state transition in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
J. Karagiannis and P. G. Young (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 2929-2941
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XMog1, a nuclear Ran-binding protein in Xenopus, is a functional homologue of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mog1p that co-operates with RanBP1 to control generation of Ran-GTP.
F. J. Nicolas, W. J. Moore, C. Zhang, and P. R. Clarke (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 3013-3023
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The Interacting UL31 and UL34 Gene Products of Pseudorabies Virus Are Involved in Egress from the Host-Cell Nucleus and Represent Components of Primary Enveloped but Not Mature Virions.
W. Fuchs, B. G. Klupp, H. Granzow, N. Osterrieder, and T. C. Mettenleiter (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 364-378
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Pathologic Human GR Mutant Has a Transdominant Negative Effect on the Wild-Type GR by Inhibiting Its Translocation into the Nucleus: Importance of the Ligand-Binding Domain for Intracellular GR Trafficking.
T. Kino, R. H. Stauber, J. H. Resau, G. N. Pavlakis, and G. P. Chrousos (2001)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 5600-5608
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Functional Analysis of the Hydrophobic Patch on Nuclear Transport Factor 2 Involved in Interactions with the Nuclear Pore in Vivo.
B. B. Quimby, S. W. Leung, R. Bayliss, M. T. Harreman, G. Thirumala, M. Stewart, and A. H. Corbett (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 38820-38829
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin Is Induced in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells After Vascular Injury.
M. Miyata, S. Biro, H. Kaieda, H. Eto, K. Orihara, T. Kihara, H. Obata, N. Matsushita, T. Matsuyama, and C. Tei (2001)
Circulation 104, 1407-1412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of a vector based on Potato virus X in a whole plant assay to demonstrate nuclear targeting of Potato spindle tuber viroid.
Y. Zhao, R. A. Owens, and R. W. Hammond (2001)
J. Gen. Virol. 82, 1491-1497
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Dimerization of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 2 via the Helix-Loop-Helix-Leucine Zipper Domain Is a Prerequisite for Its Nuclear Localization Mediated by Importin {beta}.
E. Nagoshi and Y. Yoneda (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2779-2789
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Nuclear Localization and Shuttling of Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein VP13/14.
M. Donnelly and G. Elliott (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 2566-2574
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Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in human cells.
T. H. Flo, O. Halaas, S. Torp, L. Ryan, E. Lien, B. Dybdahl, A. Sundan, and T. Espevik (2001)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 474-481
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Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr.
M. P. Sherman, C. M. C. de Noronha, M. I. Heusch, S. Greene, and W. C. Greene (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 1522-1532
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Nuclear Forms of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Are Translated from Non-AUG Start Sites Downstream from the Initiator Methionine.
M. T. A. Nguyen, B. He, and A. C. Karaplis (2001)
Endocrinology 142, 694-703
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A specific targeting signal directs Runx2/Cbfa1 to subnuclear domains and contributes to transactivation of the osteocalcin gene.
S. K. Zaidi, A. Javed, J.-Y. Choi, A. J. van Wijnen, J. L. Stein, J. B. Lian, and G. S. Stein (2001)
J. Cell Sci. 114, 3093-3102
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Inclusion body myositis: Expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and its substrate.
S. Nakano, A. Shinde, S. Kawashima, S. Nakamura, I. Akiguchi, and J. Kimura (2001)
Neurology 56, 87-93
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Functional Analysis of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx Protein: Identification of Packaging Determinants and a Novel Nuclear Targeting Domain.
S. Mahalingam, B. Van Tine, M. L. Santiago, F. Gao, G. M. Shaw, and B. H. Hahn (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 362-374
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