Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 19 January 1996:
Vol. 271. no. 5247, pp. 324 - 328
DOI: 10.1126/science.271.5247.324
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Toward an Understanding of the Correlates of Protective Immunity to HIV Infection

Barton F. Haynes (1),  Giuseppe Pantaleo,  Anthony S. Fauci

Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the genetic, immunologic, and virologic factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who either rapidly progress or do not progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition, detection of HIV-specific immune responses in HIV-negative individuals who have been exposed to the virus multiple times suggests that natural immune responses to HIV may be protective in rare individuals. Understanding the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection is critical to efforts to develop preventive HIV vaccines as well as to determine the feasibility of treating HIV infection by boosting immunity to HIV.


B. F. Haynes is with the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Duke Center for AIDS Research, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. G. Pantaleo and A. S. Fauci are with the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
(1) To whom correspondence should be addressed at Box 3258, Duke Hospital, Durham, NC 27710, USA.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses during Primary Infection Are Major Determinants of the Viral Set Point and Loss of CD4+ T Cells.
H. Streeck, J. S. Jolin, Y. Qi, B. Yassine-Diab, R. C. Johnson, D. S. Kwon, M. M. Addo, C. Brumme, J.-P. Routy, S. Little, et al. (2009)
J. Virol. 83, 7641-7648
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A haplotype of the human CXCR1 gene protective against rapid disease progression in HIV-1+ patients.
A. Vasilescu, Y. Terashima, M. Enomoto, S. Heath, V. Poonpiriya, H. Gatanaga, H. Do, G. Diop, T. Hirtzig, P. Auewarakul, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 3354-3359
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structures of Three HIV-1 HLA-B*5703-Peptide Complexes and Identification of Related HLAs Potentially Associated with Long-Term Nonprogression.
G. B. E. Stewart-Jones, G. Gillespie, I. M. Overton, R. Kaul, P. Roche, A. J. McMichael, S. Rowland-Jones, and E. Y. Jones (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 2459-2468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Korean Red Ginseng Slows Depletion of CD4 T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients.
H. Sung, S.-M. Kang, M.-S. Lee, T. G. Kim, and Y.-K. Cho (2005)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 12, 497-501
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple V1/V2 env Variants Are Frequently Present during Primary Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
K. Ritola, C. D. Pilcher, S. A. Fiscus, N. G. Hoffman, J. A. E. Nelson, K. M. Kitrinos, C. B. Hicks, J. J. Eron Jr., and R. Swanstrom (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 11208-11218
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Endogenous HIV Envelope-derived Peptide without the Terminal NH3+ Group Anchor Is Physiologically Presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules.
Y. Samino, D. Lopez, S. Guil, P. de Leon, and M. Del Val (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 1151-1160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Covalently Linked Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120/gp41 Is Stably Anchored in Rhabdovirus Particles and Exposes Critical Neutralizing Epitopes.
P. M. McKenna, R. J. Pomerantz, B. Dietzschold, J. P. McGettigan, and M. J. Schnell (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 12782-12794
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Directed against a Single Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag CTL Epitope on the Course of SIVmac239 Infection.
T. M. Allen, P. Jing, B. Calore, H. Horton, D. H. O'Connor, T. Hanke, M. Piekarczyk, R. Ruddersdorf, B. R. Mothe, C. Emerson, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 10507-10511
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunomodulatory Effect of Zidovudine (ZDV) on Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Previously Exposed to ZDV.
S. Francke, C. G. Orosz, J. Hsu, and L. E. Mathes (2002)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2865-2871
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Frequency of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients in Korea.
Y. K. Cho, H. Sung, S. H. Ahn, I. G. Bae, J. H. Woo, Y. H. Won, D. G. Kim, and M. W. Kang (2002)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 1319-1325
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV Mucosal Vaccine: Nasal Immunization with rBCG-V3J1 Induces a Long Term V3J1 Peptide-Specific Neutralizing Immunity in Th1- and Th2-Deficient Conditions.
T. Hiroi, H. Goto, K. Someya, M. Yanagita, M. Honda, N. Yamanaka, and H. Kiyono (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 5862-5867
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vitro Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eradication by Autologous CD8+ T Cells Expanded with Inactivated-Virus-Pulsed Dendritic Cells.
W. Lu and J.-M. Andrieu (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 8949-8956
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dissection of the humoral immune response toward an immunodominant epitope of HIV: a model for the analysis of antibody diversity in HIV+ individuals.
D. ENSHELL-SEIJFFERS, L. SMELYANSKI, N. VARDINON, I. YUST, and J. M. GERSHONI (2001)
FASEB J 15, 2112-2120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-8 Stimulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Is a Potential New Target for Antiretroviral Therapy.
B. R. Lane, K. Lore, P. J. Bock, J. Andersson, M. J. Coffey, R. M. Strieter, and D. M. Markovitz (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 8195-8202
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Infection of the CD45RA+ (Naive) Subset of Peripheral CD8+ Lymphocytes by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vivo.
S. McBreen, S. Imlach, T. Shirafuji, G. R. Scott, C. Leen, J. E. Bell, and P. Simmonds (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 4091-4102
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
AIDS Vaccination Studies Using an Ex Vivo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Model: Reevaluation of Neutralizing Antibody Levels Elicited by a Protective and a Nonprotective Vaccine after Removal of Antisubstrate Cell Antibodies.
S. Giannecchini, D. Del Mauro, D. Matteucci, and M. Bendinelli (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 4424-4429
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Host Determinants in HIV Infection and Disease: Part 1: Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses.
C. M. Hogan and S. M. Hammer (2001)
Ann Intern Med 134, 761-776
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Oligomeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140.
P. L. Earl, W. Sugiura, D. C. Montefiori, C. C. Broder, S. A. Lee, C. Wild, J. Lifson, and B. Moss (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 645-653
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cells and Gamma Interferon in the Long-Term Control of Persistent Friend Retrovirus Infection.
M. Iwashiro, K. Peterson, R. J. Messer, I. M. Stromnes, and K. J. Hasenkrug (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 52-60
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evaluation of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses in Human and Nonhuman Primate Subjects Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
T.-M. Fu, D. C. Freed, W. L. Trigona, L. Guan, L. Zhu, R. Long, N. V. Persaud, K. Manson, S. Dubey, and J. W. Shiver (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 73-82
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Positive and Negative Aspects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease: Development of Inhibitors versus Its Role in AIDS Pathogenesis.
K. Ikuta, S. Suzuki, H. Horikoshi, T. Mukai, and R. B. Luftig (2000)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64, 725-745
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prime-Boost Immunization Regimen in Humans Induces Antibodies That Show Interclade Cross-Reactivity and Neutralize Several X4-, R5-, and Dualtropic Clade B and C Primary Isolates.
F. Verrier, S. Burda, R. Belshe, A.-M. Duliege, J.-L. Excler, M. Klein, and S. Zolla-Pazner (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 10025-10033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The replicative capacity of rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells for simian immunodeficiency virus in vitro is predictive of the rate of progression to AIDS in vivo.
A. L. Seman, W. F. Pewen, L. F. Fresh, L. N. Martin, and M. Murphey-Corb (2000)
J. Gen. Virol. 81, 2441-2449
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Additive Effect of Neutralizing Antibody and Antiviral Drug Treatment in Preventing Virus Escape and Persistence.
P. Seiler, B. M. Senn, P. Klenerman, U. Kalinke, H. Hengartner, and R. M. Zinkernagel (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 5896-5901
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Unusual Polymorphisms in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Associated with Nonprogressive Infection.
L. Alexander, E. Weiskopf, T. C. Greenough, N. C. Gaddis, M. R. Auerbach, M. H. Malim, S. J. O'Brien, B. D. Walker, J. L. Sullivan, and R. C. Desrosiers (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 4361-4376
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing the Surface gp120 of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Primes for a Rapid Neutralizing Antibody Response to SIV Infection in Macaques.
I. Ourmanov, M. Bilska, V. M. Hirsch, and D. C. Montefiori (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 2960-2965
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Stabilized by an Intermolecular Disulfide Bond between the gp120 and gp41 Subunits Is an Antigenic Mimic of the Trimeric Virion-Associated Structure.
J. M. Binley, R. W. Sanders, B. Clas, N. Schuelke, A. Master, Y. Guo, F. Kajumo, D. J. Anselma, P. J. Maddon, W. C. Olson, et al. (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 627-643
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Consistent Viral Evolutionary Changes Associated with the Progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
R. Shankarappa, J. B. Margolick, S. J. Gange, A. G. Rodrigo, D. Upchurch, H. Farzadegan, P. Gupta, C. R. Rinaldo, G. H. Learn, X. He, et al. (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 10489-10502
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Cell Line-Based Neutralization Assay for Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates That Use either the CCR5 or the CXCR4 Coreceptor.
A. Trkola, J. Matthews, C. Gordon, T. Ketas, and J. P. Moore (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 8966-8974
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A simple relationship between viral load and survival time in HIV-1 infection.
R. A. Arnaout, A. L. Lloyd, T. R. O'Brien, J. J. Goedert, J. M. Leonard, and M. A. Nowak (1999)
PNAS 96, 11549-11553
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lack of Viral Escape and Defective In Vivo Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Rapidly Progressive Infection.
C. M. Hay, D. J. Ruhl, N. O. Basgoz, C. C. Wilson, J. M. Billingsley, M. P. DePasquale, R. T. D'Aquila, S. M. Wolinsky, J. M. Crawford, D. C. Montefiori, et al. (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 5509-5519
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
New Class I and II HLA Alleles Strongly Associated with Opposite Patterns of Progression to AIDS.
H. Hendel, S. Caillat-Zucman, H. Lebuanec, M. Carrington, S. O'Brien, J.-M. Andrieu, F. Schachter, D. Zagury, J. Rappaport, C. Winkler, et al. (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 6942-6946
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA Immunization with HIV-1 tat Mutated in the trans Activation Domain Induces Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Against Wild-Type Tat.
E. Caselli, M. Betti, M. P. Grossi, P. G. Balboni, C. Rossi, C. Boarini, A. Cafaro, G. Barbanti-Brodano, B. Ensoli, and A. Caputo (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 5631-5638
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HLA and HIV-1: Heterozygote Advantage and B*35-Cw*04 Disadvantage.
M. Carrington, G. W. Nelson, M. P. Martin, T. Kissner, D. Vlahov, J. J. Goedert, R. Kaslow, S. Buchbinder, K. Hoots, and S. J. O'Brien (1999)
Science 283, 1748-1752
   Abstract »    Full Text »
AIDS Vaccination Studies Using an Ex Vivo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Model: Detailed Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response to a Protective Vaccine.
P. Mazzetti, S. Giannecchini, D. Del Mauro, D. Matteucci, P. Portincasa, A. Merico, C. Chezzi, and M. Bendinelli (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 1-10
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Study of the V3 Loop as a Target Epitope for Antibodies Involved in the Neutralization of Primary Isolates versus T-Cell-Line-Adapted Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
C. Spenlehauer, S. Saragosti, H. J. A. Fleury, A. Kirn, A.-M. Aubertin, and C. Moog (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 9855-9864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Third-Generation Lentivirus Vector with a Conditional Packaging System.
T. Dull, R. Zufferey, M. Kelly, R. J. Mandel, M. Nguyen, D. Trono, and L. Naldini (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 8463-8471
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Common Themes of Antibody Maturation to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections.
K. S. Cole, M. Murphey-Corb, O. Narayan, S. V. Joag, G. M. Shaw, and R. C. Montelaro (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 7852-7859
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mortality among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2-Positive Villagers in Rural Guinea-Bissau Is Correlated with Viral Genotype.
N. C. Grassly, Z. Xiang, K. Ariyoshi, P. Aaby, H. Jensen, M. Schim van der Loeff, F. Dias, H. Whittle, and J. Breuer (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 7895-7899
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulatory dysfunction of the interleukin-2 receptor during HIV infection and the impact of triple combination therapy.
D. David, L. Bani, J.-L. Moreau, M.-P. Treilhou, T. Nakarai, M. Joussemet, J. Ritz, B. Dupont, G. Pialoux, and J. Theze (1998)
PNAS 95, 11348-11353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
beta -Chemokines and neutralizing antibody titers correlate with sterilizing immunity generated in HIV-1 vaccinated macaques.
J. L. Heeney, V. J. P. Teeuwsen, M. van Gils, W. M. J. M. Bogers, C. D. G. Morghen, A. Radaelli, S. Barnett, B. Morein, L. Akerblom, Y. Wang, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 10803-10808
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Augmentation and Suppression of Immune Responses to an HIV-1 DNA Vaccine by Plasmid Cytokine/Ig Administration.
D. H. Barouch, S. Santra, T. D. Steenbeke, X. X. Zheng, H. C. Perry, M.-E. Davies, D. C. Freed, A. Craiu, T. B. Strom, J. W. Shiver, et al. (1998)
J. Immunol. 161, 1875-1882
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of host genes on HIV-1 disease progression.
M. Roger (1998)
FASEB J 12, 625-632
   Abstract »    Full Text »
A Dynamic HIV-Transmission Model for Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Vaccine Programs.
D. M. Edwards, R. D. Shachter, and D. K. Owens (1998)
Interfaces 28, 144-166
   Abstract »    PDF »
Productive Infection of Neonatal CD8+ T Lymphocytes by HIV-1.
L. P. Yang, J. L. Riley, R. G. Carroll, C. H. June, J. Hoxie, B. K. Patterson, Y. Ohshima, R. J. Hodes, and G. Delespesse (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 1139-1144
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Human and Nonhuman Primate Lymphocytes Results in the Migration of CD2+ T Cells into the Intestine of Engrafted SCID Mice.
H. H. Donze, J. E. Cummins Jr., R. S. Schwiebert, A. Kantele, Y. Han, P. N. Fultz, S. Jackson, and J. Mestecky (1998)
J. Immunol. 160, 2506-2513
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Protective Cytotoxic T Cell Responses in the Presence of High Titers of Virus-neutralizing Antibodies: Implications for Passive and Active Immunization.
P. Seiler, M.-A. Brundler, C. Zimmermann, D. Weibel, M. Bruns, H. Hengartner, and R. M. Zinkernagel (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 649-654
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Immune Response Elicited by DNA Vaccination with a Synthetic gp120 Sequence with Optimized Codon Usage.
S. Andre, B. Seed, J. Eberle, W. Schraut, A. Bultmann, and J. Haas (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 1497-1503
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endogenous Production of beta -Chemokines by CD4+, but Not CD8+, T-Cell Clones Correlates with the Clinical State of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals and May Be Responsible for Blocking Infection with NonSyncytium-Inducing HIV-1 In Vitro.
K. Saha, G. Bentsman, L. Chess, and D. J. Volsky (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 876-881
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immunologic Response to HIV.
(1998)
AIDS Clinical Care 1998, 1
   Full Text »
Vigorous HIV-1-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses Associated with Control of Viremia.
E. S. Rosenberg, J. M. Billingsley, A. M. Caliendo, S. L. Boswell, P. E. Sax, S. A. Kalams, and B. D. Walker (1997)
Science 278, 1447-1450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Frequency of HLA allele-specific peptide motifs in HIV-1 proteins correlates with the allele's association with relative rates of disease progression after HIV-1 infection.
G. W. Nelson, R. Kaslow, and D. L. Mann (1997)
PNAS 94, 9802-9807
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia.
G. Pantaleo, J. F. Demarest, T. Schacker, M. Vaccarezza, O. J. Cohen, M. Daucher, C. Graziosi, S. S. Schnittman, T. C. Quinn, G. M. Shaw, et al. (1997)
PNAS 94, 254-258
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protective immunity to HIV-1 in SCID/beige mice reconstituted with peripheral blood lymphocytes of exposed but uninfected individuals.
C. Zhang, Y. Cui, S. Houston, and L.-J. Chang (1996)
PNAS 93, 14720-14725
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative Image Analysis of HIV-1 Infection in Lymphoid Tissue.
A. T. Haase, K. Henry, M. Zupancic, G. Sedgewick, R. A. Faust, H. Melroe, W. Cavert, K. Gebhard, K. Staskus, Z.-Q. Zhang, et al. (1996)
Science 274, 985-989
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Serum HIV-1 RNA Levels and Time to Development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study.
T. R. O'Brien, W. A. Blattner, D. Waters, M. E. Eyster, M. W. Hilgartner, A. R. Cohen, N. Luban, A. Hatzakis, L. M. Aledort, P. S. Rosenberg, et al. (1996)
JAMA 276, 105-110
   Abstract »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)