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Science 21 July 1995:
Vol. 269. no. 5222, pp. 324 - 327
DOI: 10.1126/science.269.5222.324
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Articles

Ecosystem Experiments

Stephen R. Carpenter 1, Sallie W. Chisholm 2, Charles J. Krebs 3, David W. Schindler 4, and Richard F. Wright 5

1 Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
2 Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
3 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada
4 Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
5 Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Box 173 Kjelsas, 0411 Oslo, Norway

Experimental manipulations of entire ecosystems have been conducted in lakes, catchments, streams, and open terrestrial and marine environments. Experiments have addressed applied problems of ecosystem management and complex responses of communities and ecosystems to perturbations. In the course of some experiments, environmental indicators and models have been developed and tested. Surprising results with implications for ecological understanding and management are common.


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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)