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Science 28 April 1995:
Vol. 268. no. 5210, pp. 579 - 582
DOI: 10.1126/science.7725107

Articles

Science, Vol 268, Issue 5210, 579-582
Copyright © 1995 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Proteasome from Thermoplasma acidophilum: a threonine protease

E Seemuller, A Lupas, D Stock, J Lowe, R Huber, and W Baumeister

Abteilung fur Strukturbiologie Max-Planck Institut fur Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.

The catalytic mechanism of the 20S proteasome from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum has been analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis of the beta subunit and by inhibitor studies. Deletion of the amino-terminal threonine or its mutation to alanine led to inactivation of the enzyme. Mutation of the residue to serine led to a fully active enzyme, which was over ten times more sensitive to the serine protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin. In combination with the crystal structure of a proteasome-inhibitor complex, the data show that the nucleophilic attack is mediated by the amino-terminal threonine of processed beta subunits. The conservation pattern of this residue in eukaryotic sequences suggests that at least three of the seven eukaryotic beta-type subunit branches should be proteolytically inactive.


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Localization of proteasomes in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
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M. Yano, S. Mori, and H. Kido (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34375-34382
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M. Groll, W. Heinemeyer, S. Jager, T. Ullrich, M. Bochtler, D. H. Wolf, and R. Huber (1999)
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Halophilic 20S Proteasomes of the Archaeon Haloferax volcanii: Purification, Characterization, and Gene Sequence Analysis.
H. L. Wilson, H. C. Aldrich, and J. Maupin-Furlow (1999)
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An Archaebacterial ATPase, Homologous to ATPases in the Eukaryotic 26 S Proteasome, Activates Protein Breakdown by 20 S Proteasomes.
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J. Biol. Chem. 274, 26008-26014
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The Proteasome, a Novel Protease Regulated by Multiple Mechanisms.
G. N. DeMartino and C. A. Slaughter (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22123-22126
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Proteases in Cellular Regulation Minireview Series.
T. C. Vanaman and R. A. Bradshaw (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 20047
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Cell Cycle Withdrawal Promotes Myogenic Induction of Akt, a Positive Modulator of Myocyte Survival.
Y. Fujio, K. Guo, T. Mano, Y. Mitsuuchi, J. R. Testa, and K. Walsh (1999)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5073-5082
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Redundant In Vivo Proteolytic Activities of Escherichia coli Lon and the ClpYQ (HslUV) Protease.
W.-F. Wu, Y. Zhou, and S. Gottesman (1999)
J. Bacteriol. 181, 3681-3687
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Proteasome Inhibitors: A Novel Class of Potent and Effective Antitumor Agents.
J. Adams, V. J. Palombella, E. A. Sausville, J. Johnson, A. Destree, D. D. Lazarus, J. Maas, C. S. Pien, S. Prakash, and P. J. Elliott (1999)
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Muscle Protein Breakdown and the Critical Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Normal and Disease States.
S. H. Lecker, V. Solomon, W. E. Mitch, and A. L. Goldberg (1999)
J. Nutr. 129, 227S
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The Proteasome Activator 11 S Regulator or PA28. CONTRIBUTION BY BOTH alpha  AND beta  SUBUNITS TO PROTEASOME ACTIVATION.
Z. Zhang, A. Clawson, and M. Rechsteiner (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30660-30668
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The 20S Proteasome of Streptomyces coelicolor.
I. Nagy, T. Tamura, J. Vanderleyden, W. Baumeister, and R. De Mot (1998)
J. Bacteriol. 180, 5448-5453
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Contribution of Proteasomal beta -Subunits to the Cleavage of Peptide Substrates Analyzed with Yeast Mutants.
T. P. Dick, A. K. Nussbaum, M. Deeg, W. Heinemeyer, M. Groll, M. Schirle, W. Keilholz, D. H. Wolf, R. Huber, H.-G. Rammensee, et al. (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25637-25646
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Structure and Mechanism of Action of the Protease That Degrades Small, Acid-Soluble Spore Proteins during Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species.
C. Nessi, M. J. Jedrzejas, and P. Setlow (1998)
J. Bacteriol. 180, 5077-5084
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Proteasome Inhibitors Prevent Tracheary Element Differentiation in Zinnia Mesophyll Cell Cultures.
B. J. Woffenden, T. B. Freeman, and E. P. Beers (1998)
Plant Physiology 118, 419-430
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Effects of the Cys Mutations on Structure and Function of the ATP-dependent HslVU Protease in Escherichia coli. THE CYS287 TO VAL MUTATION IN HslU UNCOUPLES THE ATP-DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS BY HslVU FROM ATP HYDROLYSIS.
S. J. Yoo, H. H. Kim, D. H. Shin, C. S. Lee, I. S. Seong, J. H. Seol, N. Shimbara, K. Tanaka, and C. H. Chung (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22929-22935
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Phosphorylation of Nuclear MyoD Is Required for Its Rapid Degradation.
A. Song, Q. Wang, M. G. Goebl, and M. A. Harrington (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 4994-4999
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Mutations in the Yeast Proteasome beta -Type Subunit Pre3 Uncover Position-dependent Effects on Proteasomal Peptidase Activity and in Vivo Function.
R. Gueckel, C. Enenkel, D. H. Wolf, and W. Hilt (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19443-19452
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Molecular Organization of the 20S Proteasome Gene Family from Arabidopsis thaliana.
H. Fu, J. H. Doelling, C. S. Arendt, M. Hochstrasser, and R. D. Vierstra (1998)
Genetics 149, 677-692
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Inactivation of a Defined Active Site in the Mouse 20S Proteasome Complex Enhances Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation of a Murine Cytomegalovirus Protein.
G. Schmidtke, M. Eggers, T. Ruppert, M. Groettrup, U. H. Koszinowski, and P.-M. Kloetzel (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 1641-1646
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteasome Activation by REG Molecules Lacking Homolog-specific Inserts.
Z. Zhang, C. Realini, A. Clawson, S. Endicott, and M. Rechsteiner (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 9501-9509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotype-Dependent Differences in Proteasome Subunit Composition and Cleavage Specificity in B Cell Lines.
T. Frisan, V. Levitsky, A. Polack, and M. G. Masucci (1998)
J. Immunol. 160, 3281-3289
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Identification of an activation region in the proteasome activator REGalpha.
Z. Zhang, A. Clawson, C. Realini, C. C. Jensen, J. R. Knowlton, C. P. Hill, and M. Rechsteiner (1998)
PNAS 95, 2807-2811
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Biochemical Characterization of the 20S Proteasome from the Methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila.
J. A. Maupin-Furlow, H. C. Aldrich, and J. G. Ferry (1998)
J. Bacteriol. 180, 1480-1487
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Range of Sizes of Peptide Products Generated during Degradation of Different Proteins by Archaeal Proteasomes.
A. F. Kisselev, T. N. Akopian, and A. L. Goldberg (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1982-1989
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Immunoproteasome Assembly: Cooperative Incorporation of Interferon {gamma} (IFN-{gamma})-inducible Subunits.
T. A. Griffin, D. Nandi, M. Cruz, H. J. Fehling, L. V. Kaer, J. J. Monaco, and R. A. Colbert (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 187, 97-104
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Relative Functions of the alpha  and beta  Subunits of the Proteasome Activator, PA28.
X. Song, J. von Kampen, C. A. Slaughter, and G. N. DeMartino (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27994-28000
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Active Site-directed Inhibitors of Rhodococcus 20 S Proteasome. KINETICS AND MECHANISM.
T. Mc Cormack, W. Baumeister, L. Grenier, C. Moomaw, L. Plamondon, B. Pramanik, C. Slaughter, F. Soucy, R. Stein, F. Zuhl, et al. (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26103-26109
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Catalytic Properties of 26 S and 20 S Proteasomes and Radiolabeling of MB1, LMP7, and C7 Subunits Associated with Trypsin-like and Chymotrypsin-like Activities.
J. Reidlinger, A. M. Pike, P. J. Savory, R. Z. Murray, and A. J. Rivett (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24899-24905
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The Active Sites of the Eukaryotic 20 S Proteasome and Their Involvement in Subunit Precursor Processing.
W. Heinemeyer, M. Fischer, T. Krimmer, U. Stachon, and D. H. Wolf (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25200-25209
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The subunits MECL-1 and LMP2 are mutually required for incorporation into the 20S proteasome.
M. Groettrup, S. Standera, R. Stohwasser, and P. M. Kloetzel (1997)
PNAS 94, 8970-8975
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Potential Immunocompetence of Proteolytic Fragments Produced by Proteasomes before Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune System.
G. Niedermann, R. Grimm, E. Geier, M. Maurer, C. Realini, C. Gartmann, J. Soll, S. Omura, M. C. Rechsteiner, W. Baumeister, et al. (1997)
J. Exp. Med. 186, 209-220
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of the yeast 20S proteasome catalytic centers and subunit interactions required for active-site formation.
C. S. Arendt and M. Hochstrasser (1997)
PNAS 94, 7156-7161
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Covalent modification of the active site threonine of proteasomal beta  subunits and the Escherichia coli homolog HslV by a new class of inhibitors.
M. Bogyo, J. S. McMaster, M. Gaczynska, D. Tortorella, A. L. Goldberg, and H. Ploegh (1997)
PNAS 94, 6629-6634
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lactacystin and clasto-Lactacystin beta -Lactone Modify Multiple Proteasome beta -Subunits and Inhibit Intracellular Protein Degradation and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation.
A. Craiu, M. Gaczynska, T. Akopian, C. F. Gramm, G. Fenteany, A. L. Goldberg, and K. L. Rock (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13437-13445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bovine Spleen Multicatalytic Proteinase Complex (Proteasome). REPLACEMENT OF X, Y, AND Z SUBUNITS BY LMP7, LMP2, AND MECL1 AND CHANGES IN PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICITY.
A. M. Eleuteri, R. A. Kohanski, C. Cardozo, and M. Orlowski (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11824-11831
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The Human alpha -Type Proteasomal Subunit HsC8 Forms a Double Ringlike Structure, but Does Not Assemble into Proteasome-like Particles with the beta -Type Subunits HsDelta or HsBPROS26.
W. L.H. Gerards, J. Enzlin, M. Haner, I. L.A.M. Hendriks, U. Aebi, H. Bloemendal, and W. Boelens (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10080-10086
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Proteasome Inhibition Leads to a Heat-shock Response, Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones, and Thermotolerance.
K. T. Bush, A. L. Goldberg, and S. K. Nigam (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9086-9092
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Subunit arrangement in the human 20S proteasome.
F. Kopp, K. B. Hendil, B. Dahlmann, P. Kristensen, A. Sobek, and W. Uerkvitz (1997)
PNAS 94, 2939-2944
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Processive Degradation of Proteins and Other Catalytic Properties of the Proteasome from Thermoplasma acidophilum.
T. N. Akopian, A. F. Kisselev, and A. L. Goldberg (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1791-1798
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Mechanisms of Muscle Wasting -- The Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway.
W. E. Mitch and A. L. Goldberg (1996)
N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1897-1905
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Proteasome Subunits X and Y Alter Peptidase Activities in Opposite Ways to the Interferon-gamma -induced Subunits LMP2 and LMP7.
M. Gaczynska, A. L. Goldberg, K. Tanaka, K. B. Hendil, and K. L. Rock (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17275-17280
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The Antitumor Drug Aclacinomycin A, Which Inhibits the Degradation of Ubiquitinated Proteins, Shows Selectivity for the Chymotrypsin-like Activity of the Bovine Pituitary 20S Proteasome.
M. E. Figueiredo-Pereira, W. E. Chen, J. Li, and O. Johdo (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16455-16459
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Purification and Characterization of the Heat Shock Proteins HslV and HslU That Form a New ATP-dependent Protease in Escherichia coli.
S. J. Yoo, J. H. Seol, D. H. Shin, M. Rohrwild, M.-S. Kang, K. Tanaka, A. L. Goldberg, and C. H. Chung (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14035-14040
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence for the Existence of both Proteasomes and a Novel High Molecular Weight Peptidase in Entamoeba histolytica.
H. Scholze, S. Frey, Z. Cejka, and T. Bakker-Grunwald (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6212-6216
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of Glycosylasparaginase.
C. Guan, T. Cui, V. Rao, W. Liao, J. Benner, C.-L. Lin, and D. Comb (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1732-1737
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A Proteasome Activator Subunit Binds Calcium.
C. Realini and M. Rechsteiner (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29664-29667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Proteasome from the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila.
J. A. Maupin-Furlow and J. G. Ferry (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28617-28622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Puromycin-sensitive Aminopeptidase.
D. B. Constam, A. R. Tobler, A. Rensing-Ehl, I. Kemler, L. B. Hersh, and A. Fontana (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26931-26939
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differences in Catalytic Activities and Subunit Pattern of Multicatalytic Proteinase Complexes (Proteasomes) Isolated from Bovine Pituitary, Lung, and Liver.
C. Cardozo, A. M. Eleuteri, and M. Orlowski (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22645-22651
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of proteasome activities and subunit-specific amino-terminal threonine modification by lactacystin.
G Fenteany, R. Standaert, W. Lane, S Choi, E. Corey, and S. Schreiber (1995)
Science 268, 726-731
   Abstract »    PDF »
Functions of the proteasome: the lysis at the end of the tunnel.
A. Goldberg (1995)
Science 268, 522-523
   PDF »
From the cradle to the grave: ring complexes in the life of a protein.
J. Weissman, P. Sigler, and A. Horwich (1995)
Science 268, 523-524
   PDF »
Crystal structure of the 20S proteasome from the archaeon T. acidophilum at 3.4 A resolution.
J Lowe, D Stock, B Jap, P Zwickl, W Baumeister, and R Huber (1995)
Science 268, 533-539
   Abstract »    PDF »
Functions of the Proteasome in Antigen Presentation.
A.L. Goldberg, M. Gaczynska, E. Grant, M. Michalek, and K.L. Rock (1995)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 60, 479-490
   Abstract »    PDF »
The DOA Pathway: Studies on the Functions and Mechanisms of Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
M. Hochstrasser, F.R. Papa, P. Chen, S. Swaminathan, P. Johnson, L. Stillman, A.Y. Amerik, and S.-J. Li (1995)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 60, 503-513
   Abstract »    PDF »
Structure and Function of the 20S Proteasome and of Its Regulatory Complexes.
A. Lupas, P. Zwickl, T. Wenzel, E. Seemuller, and W. Baumeister (1995)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 60, 515-524
   Abstract »    PDF »
Catalytic Mechanism of the 20S Proteasome of Thermoplasma acidophilum Revealed by X-ray Crystallography.
D. Stock, L. Ditzel, W. Baumeister, R. Huber, and J. Lowe (1995)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 60, 525-532
   Abstract »    PDF »
cDNA Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of PI31, a Proline-rich Inhibitor of the Proteasome.
S. L. McCutchen-Maloney, K. Matsuda, N. Shimbara, D. D. Binns, K. Tanaka, C. A. Slaughter, and G. N. DeMartino (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18557-18565
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Propeptide Function in 20 S Proteasome Assembly Influences beta Subunit Composition.
D. J. Kingsbury, T. A. Griffin, and R. A. Colbert (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24156-24162
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



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