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Science 26 August 1994:
Vol. 265. no. 5176, pp. 1193 - 1201
DOI: 10.1126/science.7915048
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Articles

Science, Vol 265, Issue 5176, 1193-1201
Copyright © 1994 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Kin selection, social structure, gene flow, and the evolution of chimpanzees

PA Morin, JJ Moore, R Chakraborty, L Jin, J Goodall, and DS Woodruff

Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116.

Hypotheses about chimpanzee social behavior, phylogeography, and evolution were evaluated by noninvasive genotyping of free-ranging individuals from 20 African sites. Degrees of relatedness among individuals in one community were inferred from allele-sharing at eight nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Males are related on the order of half-siblings, and homozygosity is significantly increased at several SSR loci compared to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. These data support the kin-selection hypothesis for the evolution of cooperation among males. Sequence variation patterns at two mitochondrial loci indicate historically high long-distance gene flow and clarify the relationships among three allopatric subspecies. The unexpectedly large genetic distance between the western subspecies, Pan troglodytes verus, and the other two subspecies suggests a divergence time of about 1.58 million years. This result, if confirmed at nuclear loci and supported by eco-behavioral data, implies that P. t. verus should be elevated to full species rank.


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