Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.


Science 12 November 1993:
Vol. 262. no. 5136, pp. 1059 - 1061
DOI: 10.1126/science.8235625

Articles

Science, Vol 262, Issue 5136, 1059-1061
Copyright © 1993 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Immune responses in interleukin-2-deficient mice

TM Kundig, H Schorle, MF Bachmann, H Hengartner, RM Zinkernagel, and I Horak

Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

The role of costimulatory signals in T cell induction was evaluated in mice lacking the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. In vitro secondary antiviral T cell responses were absent unless IL-2 was added, confirming the crucial role of IL-2 in vitro. In vivo, primary and secondary cytotoxic T cell responses against vaccinia and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were within normal ranges. B cell reactivity to vesicular stomatitis virus was not impaired. T helper cell responses were delayed but biologically functional. Natural killer cell activity was markedly reduced but inducible. These normal in vivo immune responses in IL-2-deficient mice question the importance of IL-2 as defined by in vitro studies.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Proteolytic Activation of the Cytotoxic Phenotype during Human NK Cell Development.
J. L. Meade, E. B. Wilson, T. D. Holmes, E. A. de Wynter, P. Brett, L. Straszynski, P. A. S. Ballard, J. A. Trapani, M. F. McDermott, and G. P. Cook (2009)
J. Immunol. 183, 803-813
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Optic Neuritis in Different Strains of Mice by a Recombinant HSV-1 Expressing Murine Interleukin-2.
M. Zandian, R. Belisle, K. R. Mott, S. Nusinowitz, F. M. Hofman, and H. Ghiasi (2009)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 3275-3282
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-10/Interleukin-5 Responses at Birth Predict Risk for Respiratory Infections in Children with Atopic Family History.
G. Zhang, J. Rowe, M. Kusel, A. Bosco, K. McKenna, N. de Klerk, P. D. Sly, and P. G. Holt (2009)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179, 205-211
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: CD4+ T Cell-Derived IL-2 Is Essential for Help-Dependent Primary CD8+ T Cell Responses.
E. B. Wilson and A. M. Livingstone (2008)
J. Immunol. 181, 7445-7448
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-21 promotes T lymphocyte survival by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling cascade.
V. Ostiguy, E.-L. Allard, M. Marquis, J. Leignadier, and N. Labrecque (2007)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 645-656
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Regulates Expansion of CD4+ T Cell Populations by Affecting Cell Death: Insights from Modeling CFSE Data.
V. V. Ganusov, D. Milutinovic, and R. J. De Boer (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 950-957
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Parallel Expansion of Human Virus-Specific FoxP3- Effector Memory and De Novo-Generated FoxP3+ Regulatory CD8+ T Cells upon Antigen Recognition In Vitro.
E. Billerbeck, H. E. Blum, and R. Thimme (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 1039-1048
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The IL-15/IL-15R{alpha} on cell surfaces enables sustained IL-15 activity and contributes to the long survival of CD8 memory T cells.
N. Sato, H. J. Patel, T. A. Waldmann, and Y. Tagaya (2007)
PNAS 104, 588-593
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Availability of IL-2 Is a Major Determinant Controlling the Production of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T Regulatory Cells.
A. Yu and T. R. Malek (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 5115-5121
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p300/Cyclic AMP-Responsive Element Binding-Binding Protein Mediates Transcriptional Coactivation by the CD28 T Cell Costimulatory Receptor.
S. L. Nandiwada, W. Li, R. Zhang, and D. L. Mueller (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 401-413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-2-Dependent Mechanisms of Tolerance and Immunity In Vivo.
P. A. Antony, C. M. Paulos, M. Ahmadzadeh, A. Akpinarli, D. C. Palmer, N. Sato, A. Kaiser, C. Heinrichs, C. A. Klebanoff, Y. Tagaya, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 5255-5266
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Stimulation of T Cells by Type I IFN Enhances the CD8+ T Cell Response during Cross-Priming..
A. Le Bon, V. Durand, E. Kamphuis, C. Thompson, S. Bulfone-Paus, C. Rossmann, U. Kalinke, and D. F. Tough (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 4682-4689
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulatory CD56bright natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2R{alpha}-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis.
B. Bielekova, M. Catalfamo, S. Reichert-Scrivner, A. Packer, M. Cerna, T. A. Waldmann, H. McFarland, P. A. Henkart, and R. Martin (2006)
PNAS 103, 5941-5946
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokines in Atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and Regulatory Pathways.
A. Tedgui and Z. Mallat (2006)
Physiol Rev 86, 515-581
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantitative assessment concerning the contribution of IL-2R{beta} for superantigen-mediated T cell responses in vivo.
H. Jin, D. Gong, D. Adeegbe, A. L. Bayer, C. Rolle, A. Yu, and T. R. Malek (2006)
Int. Immunol. 18, 565-572
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Structure of the Interleukin-15{alpha} Receptor and Its Implications for Ligand Binding.
I. Lorenzen, A. J. Dingley, Y. Jacques, and J. Grotzinger (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 6642-6647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Regulates Perforin and Granzyme Gene Expression in CD8+ T Cells Independently of Its Effects on Survival and Proliferation.
M. L. Janas, P. Groves, N. Kienzle, and A. Kelso (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 8003-8010
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequential development of interleukin 2-dependent effector and regulatory T cells in response to endogenous systemic antigen.
B. Knoechel, J. Lohr, E. Kahn, J. A. Bluestone, and A. K. Abbas (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 202, 1375-1386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protein Kinase C {theta} Is Not Essential for T-Cell-Mediated Clearance of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68.
F. Giannoni, A. B. Lyon, M. D. Wareing, P. B. Dias, and S. R. Sarawar (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 6808-6813
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inaugural Article: BCL6b mediates the enhanced magnitude of the secondary response of memory CD8+ T lymphocytes.
P. M. Manders, P. J. Hunter, A. I. Telaranta, J. M. Carr, J. L. Marshall, M. Carrasco, Y. Murakami, M. J. Palmowski, V. Cerundolo, S. M. Kaech, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 7418-7425
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD8+ T Cell Immunity Against a Tumor/Self-Antigen Is Augmented by CD4+ T Helper Cells and Hindered by Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells.
P. A. Antony, C. A. Piccirillo, A. Akpinarli, S. E. Finkelstein, P. J. Speiss, D. R. Surman, D. C. Palmer, C.-C. Chan, C. A. Klebanoff, W. W. Overwijk, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 2591-2601
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukins 2 and 15 Regulate Ets1 Expression via ERK1/2 and MNK1 in Human Natural Killer Cells.
E. M. Grund, D. D. Spyropoulos, D. K. Watson, and R. C. Muise-Helmericks (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 4772-4778
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles for Common Cytokine Receptor {gamma}-Chain-Dependent Cytokines in the Generation, Differentiation, and Maturation of NK Cell Precursors and Peripheral NK Cells in Vivo.
C. A. J. Vosshenrich, T. Ranson, S. I. Samson, E. Corcuff, F. Colucci, E. E. Rosmaraki, and J. P. Di Santo (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 1213-1221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancement of the host immune responses in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and IL-15.
M. Wysocka, B. M. Benoit, S. Newton, L. Azzoni, L. J. Montaner, and A. H. Rook (2004)
Blood 104, 4142-4149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Induces a Competitive Survival Advantage in T Lymphocytes.
H. Dooms, E. Kahn, B. Knoechel, and A. K. Abbas (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 5973-5979
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2, Regulatory T Cells, and Tolerance.
B. H. Nelson (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 3983-3988
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Turnover and Proliferation of NK Cells in Steady State and Lymphopenic Conditions.
A. M. Jamieson, P. Isnard, J. R. Dorfman, M. C. Coles, and D. H. Raulet (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 864-870
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Is Not Required for the Initiation of CD8 T Cell Cycling but Sustains Expansion.
W. N. D'Souza and L. Lefrancois (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 5727-5735
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Distinct pathways involving the FK506-binding proteins 12 and 12.6 underlie IL-2-versus IL-15-mediated proliferation of T cells.
S. Dubois, W. Shou, L. S. Haneline, S. Fleischer, T. A. Waldmann, and J. R. Muller (2003)
PNAS 100, 14169-14174
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine requirements for the growth and development of mouse NK cells in vitro.
J. A. Toomey, F. Gays, D. Foster, and C. G. Brooks (2003)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 233-242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-15-Mediated Induction of LFA-1 Is a Late Step Required for Cytotoxic Differentiation of Human NK Cells from CD34+Lin- Bone Marrow Cells.
I. Barao, D. Hudig, and J. L. Ascensao (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 683-690
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus for Treatment of Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Immune-competent Rats.
O. Ebert, K. Shinozaki, T.-G. Huang, M. J. Savontaus, A. Garcia-Sastre, and S. L. C. Woo (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 3605-3611
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization and Analysis of the Proximal Janus Kinase 3 Promoter.
M. Aringer, S. R. Hofmann, D. M. Frucht, M. Chen, M. Centola, A. Morinobu, R. Visconti, D. L. Kastner, J. S. Smolen, and J. J. O'Shea (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 6057-6064
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparison of Adjuvant Efficacy of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Recombinant Viruses Expressing TH1 and TH2 Cytokine Genes.
Y. Osorio and H. Ghiasi (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 5774-5783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stochastic Model of T Cell Proliferation: A Calculus Revealing IL-2 Regulation of Precursor Frequencies, Cell Cycle Time, and Survival.
E. K. Deenick, A. V. Gett, and P. D. Hodgkin (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 4963-4972
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficient Induction of Primary and Secondary T Cell-Dependent Immune Responses In Vivo in the Absence of Functional IL-2 and IL-15 Receptors.
A. Yu, J. Zhou, N. Marten, C. C. Bergmann, M. Mammolenti, R. B. Levy, and T. R. Malek (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 236-242
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vivo evidence for a dependence on interleukin 15 for survival of natural killer cells.
M. A. Cooper, J. E. Bush, T. A. Fehniger, J. B. VanDeusen, R. E. Waite, Y. Liu, H. L. Aguila, and M. A. Caligiuri (2002)
Blood 100, 3633-3638
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Relationships between early B- and NK-lineage lymphocyte precursors in bone marrow.
T. Kouro, V. Kumar, and P. W. Kincade (2002)
Blood 100, 3672-3680
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enforced Expression of Bcl-2 Restores the Number of NK Cells, But Does Not Rescue the Impaired Development of NKT Cells or Intraepithelial Lymphocytes, in IL-2/IL-15 Receptor {beta}-Chain-Deficient Mice.
M. Minagawa, H. Watanabe, C. Miyaji, K. Tomiyama, H. Shimura, A. Ito, M. Ito, J. Domen, I. L. Weissman, and K. Kawai (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 4153-4160
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pentoxifylline Functions As an Adjuvant In Vivo to Enhance T Cell Immune Responses by Inhibiting Activation-Induced Death.
R. Suresh, M. Vig, S. Bhatia, E. P. B. Goodspeed, B. John, U. Kandpal, S. Srivastava, A. George, R. Sen, V. Bal, et al. (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 4262-4272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transgenic overexpression of human IL-17E results in eosinophilia, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia, and altered antibody production.
M. R. Kim, R. Manoukian, R. Yeh, S. M. Silbiger, D. M. Danilenko, S. Scully, J. Sun, M. L. DeRose, M. Stolina, D. Chang, et al. (2002)
Blood 100, 2330-2340
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Susceptibility of Interleukin-2-Deficient Mice to Toxoplasma gondii Is Associated with a Defect in the Production of Gamma Interferon.
E. N. Villegas, L. A. Lieberman, S. R. Carding, and C. A. Hunter (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 4757-4761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD25+CD4+ T cells contribute to the control of memory CD8+ T cells.
M. Murakami, A. Sakamoto, J. Bender, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack (2002)
PNAS 99, 8832-8837
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Essential Role for IL-2 in the Regulation of Antiviral Extralymphoid CD8 T Cell Responses.
W. N. D'Souza, K. S. Schluns, D. Masopust, and L. Lefrancois (2002)
J. Immunol. 168, 5566-5572
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective expression of the interleukin-2/interleukin-15 receptor {beta} subunit leads to a natural killer cell-deficient form of severe combined immunodeficiency.
K. C. Gilmour, H. Fujii, T. Cranston, E. G. Davies, C. Kinnon, and H. B. Gaspar (2001)
Blood 98, 877-879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cutting Edge: The Common {{gamma}}-Chain Is an Indispensable Subunit of the IL-21 Receptor Complex.
H. Asao, C. Okuyama, S. Kumaki, N. Ishii, S. Tsuchiya, D. Foster, and K. Sugamura (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 1-5
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Broad Programming by IL-2 Receptor Signaling for Extended Growth to Multiple Cytokines and Functional Maturation of Antigen-Activated T Cells.
T. R. Malek, A. Yu, P. Scibelli, M. G. Lichtenheld, and E. K. Codias (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 1675-1683
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Fatal Leukemia in Interleukin 15 Transgenic Mice Follows Early Expansions in Natural Killer and Memory Phenotype Cd8+ T Cells.
T. A. Fehniger, K. Suzuki, A. Ponnappan, J. B. VanDeusen, M. A. Cooper, S. M. Florea, A. G. Freud, M. L. Robinson, J. Durbin, and M. A. Caligiuri (2001)
J. Exp. Med. 193, 219-232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease.
T. A. Fehniger and M. A. Caligiuri (2001)
Blood 97, 14-32
   Full Text »    PDF »
Memory-Type CD8+ T Cells Protect IL-2 Receptor {alpha}-Deficient Mice from Systemic Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2.
H. Tsunobuchi, H. Nishimura, F. Goshima, T. Daikoku, Y. Nishiyama, and Y. Yoshikai (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 4552-4560
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective Thymocyte Development and Perturbed Homeostasis of T cells in STAT-Induced STAT Inhibitor-1/Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling-1 Transgenic Mice.
M. Fujimoto, T. Naka, R. Nakagawa, Y. Kawazoe, Y. Morita, A. Tateishi, K. Okumura, M. Narazaki, and T. Kishimoto (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 1799-1806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine Production and Killer Activity of NK/T-NK Cells Derived with IL-2, IL-15, or the Combination of IL-12 and IL-18.
B. R. Lauwerys, N. Garot, J.-C. Renauld, and F. A. Houssiau (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 1847-1853
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormone and Hormone Receptor Deficiency.
K. Dorshkind and N. D. Horseman (2000)
Endocr. Rev. 21, 292-312
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Regulation of Lymphoid Homeostasis by IL-2 Receptor Signals In Vivo.
D. T. M. Leung, S. Morefield, and D. M. Willerford (2000)
J. Immunol. 164, 3527-3534
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reversible Defects in Natural Killer and Memory Cd8 T Cell Lineages in Interleukin 15-Deficient Mice.
M. K. Kennedy, M. Glaccum, S. N. Brown, E. A. Butz, J. L. Viney, M. Embers, N. Matsuki, K. Charrier, L. Sedger, C. R. Willis, et al. (2000)
J. Exp. Med. 191, 771-780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit provides a critical signal for survival, expansion, and maturation of mouse natural killer cells.
F. Colucci and J. P. Di Santo (2000)
Blood 95, 984-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interleukin-15 as an Activator of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Antiviral Response.
J. Gosselin, A. TomoIu, R. C. Gallo, and L. Flamand (1999)
Blood 94, 4210-4219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine Deprivation of Naive CD8+ T Cells Promotes Minimal Cell Cycling but Maximal Cytokine Synthesis and Autonomous Proliferation Subsequently: A Mechanism of Self-Regulation.
S. Sad and L. Krishnan (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 2443-2451
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Critical Role of Costimulation in the Activation of Naive Antigen-Specific TCR Transgenic CD8+ T Cells In Vitro.
J.-G. Chai, S. Vendetti, I. Bartok, D. Schoendorf, K. Takacs, J. Elliott, R. Lechler, and J. Dyson (1999)
J. Immunol. 163, 1298-1305
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2-deficient mice raised under germfree conditions develop delayed mild focal intestinal inflammation.
M. Schultz, S. L. Tonkonogy, R. K. Sellon, C. Veltkamp, V. L. Godfrey, J. Kwon, W. B. Grenther, E. Balish, I. Horak, and R. B. Sartor (1999)
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 276, G1461-G1472
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Common Cytokine Receptor {gamma} Chain and the Pre-T Cell Receptor Provide Independent but Critically Overlapping Signals in Early {alpha}/{beta} T Cell Development.
J. P. Di Santo, I. Aifantis, E. Rosmaraki, C. Garcia, J. Feinberg, H. J. Fehling, A. Fischer, H. von Boehmer, and B. Rocha (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 563-574
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Role of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-7 in the Development of X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.
S. Kumaki, N. Ishii, M. Minegishi, S. Tsuchiya, D. Cosman, K. Sugamura, and T. Konno (1999)
Blood 93, 607-612
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Induces STAT4 Activation in Primary NK Cells and NK Cell Lines, But Not in T Cells.
K. S. Wang, J. Ritz, and D. A. Frank (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 299-304
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Stat5b Is Essential for Natural Killer Cell-mediated Proliferation and Cytolytic Activity.
K. Imada, E. T. Bloom, H. Nakajima, J. A. Horvath-Arcidiacono, G. B. Udy, H. W. Davey, and W. J. Leonard (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 188, 2067-2074
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Flt3 Ligand Promotes the Generation of a Distinct CD34+ Human Natural Killer Cell Progenitor That Responds to Interleukin-15.
H. Yu, T. A. Fehniger, P. Fuchshuber, K. S. Thiel, E. Vivier, W. E. Carson, and M. A. Caligiuri (1998)
Blood 92, 3647-3657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired Alloantigen-Mediated T Cell Apoptosis and Failure To Induce Long-Term Allograft Survival in IL-2-Deficient Mice.
Z. Dai, B. T. Konieczny, F. K. Baddoura, and F. G. Lakkis (1998)
J. Immunol. 161, 1659-1663
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Effects of Protein Kinase A on Ras Effector Pathways.
M. J. Miller, L. Rioux, G. V. Prendergast, S. Cannon, M. A. White, and J. L. Meinkoth (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 3718-3726
   Abstract »    Full Text »
CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Interactions in IFN-{gamma} and IL-4 Responses to Viral Infections: Requirements for IL-2.
H. C. Su, L. P. Cousens, L. D. Fast, M. K. Slifka, R. D. Bungiro, R. Ahmed, and C. A. Biron (1998)
J. Immunol. 160, 5007-5017
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine mRNA expression in intestinal tissue of interleukin-2 deficient mice with bowel inflammation.
I B Autenrieth, N Bucheler, E Bohn, G Heinze, and I Horak (1997)
Gut 41, 793-800
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Generation of Lytic Natural Killer 1.1+, Ly-49- Cells from Multipotential Murine Bone Marrow Progenitors in a Stroma-free Culture: Definition of Cytokine Requirements and Developmental Intermediates.
N. S. Williams, T. A. Moore, J. D. Schatzle, I. J. Puzanov, P.V. Sivakumar, A. Zlotnik, M. Bennett, and V. Kumar (1997)
J. Exp. Med. 186, 1609-1614
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytokine Expression and Tumorigenicity of Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells From Mice Transgenic for the tax Gene of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type I.
W. J. Grossman and L. Ratner (1997)
Blood 90, 783-794
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lineage Relationships and Differentiation of Natural Killer (NK) T Cells: Intrathymic Selection and Interleukin (IL)-4 Production in the Absence of NKR-P1 and Ly49 Molecules.
O. Lantz, L. I. Sharara, F. Tilloy, A. Andersson, and J. P. DiSanto (1997)
J. Exp. Med. 185, 1395-1402
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Somatogenic Hormones and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1: Stimulators of Lymphopoiesis and Immune Function.
R. Clark (1997)
Endocr. Rev. 18, 157-179
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Abnormal Development of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Peripheral Natural Killer Cells in Mice Lacking the IL-2 Receptor {beta} Chain.
H. Suzuki, G. S. Duncan, H. Takimoto, and T. W. Mak (1997)
J. Exp. Med. 185, 499-506
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression..
F Kontgen, R J Grumont, A Strasser, D Metcalf, R Li, D Tarlinton, and S Gerondakis (1995)
Genes & Dev. 9, 1965-1977
   Abstract »    PDF »
IL-2-induced activation-induced cell death is inhibited in IL-15 transgenic mice.
J. Marks-Konczalik, S. Dubois, J. M. Losi, H. Sabzevari, N. Yamada, L. Feigenbaum, T. A. Waldmann, and Y. Tagaya (2000)
PNAS 97, 11445-11450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)