Related Content
Search Google Scholar for:
|
|
Science 3 September 1993: Vol. 261. no. 5126, pp. 1328 - 1330 DOI: 10.1126/science.7689748
|
|
Articles
Science, Vol 261, Issue 5126, 1328-1330
Copyright © 1993 by American Association for the Advancement of Science
Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis with an antibody to gp39, the ligand for CD40
FH Durie,
RA Fava,
TM Foy,
A Aruffo,
JA Ledbetter,
and
RJ Noelle
Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756.
The ligand for the CD40 antigen is a 39-kilodalton protein, gp39, expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells and is essential for thymus-dependent humoral immunity. The role of gp39-CD40 interactions in autoimmune disease was investigated in vivo with the use of an antibody that blocks their interactions (anti-gp39). Arthritis induced in mice by immunization with type II collagen was inhibited by anti-gp39. Anti-gp39 blocked the development of joint inflammation, serum antibody titers to collagen, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the subsynovial tissue, and the erosion of cartilage and bone. Thus, interference with gp39-CD40 interactions may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of autoimmune disease.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
- A Novel Mechanism for TNFR-Associated Factor 6-Dependent CD40 Signaling.
- S. L. Rowland, M. M. Tremblay, J. M. Ellison, L. L. Stunz, G. A. Bishop, and B. S. Hostager (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 4645-4653
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Honokiol, a Natural Plant Product, Inhibits Inflammatory Signals and Alleviates Inflammatory Arthritis.
- M. E. Munroe, J. L. Arbiser, and G. A. Bishop (2007)
J. Immunol.
179, 753-763
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- A Costimulatory Function for T Cell CD40.
- M. E. Munroe and G. A. Bishop (2007)
J. Immunol.
178, 671-682
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- IL-10- and IL-12-Independent Down-Regulation of Allergic Sensitization by Stimulation of CD40 Signaling.
- P. W. Hellings, A. Kasran, D. Bullens, L. Overbergh, C. Mathieu, H. Heremans, P. Matthys, L. Boon, M. Jorissen, and J. L. Ceuppens (2006)
J. Immunol.
177, 5138-5144
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Autoantibody to CD40 ligand in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with thrombocytopenia but not thromboembolism.
- M. Nakamura, Y. Tanaka, T. Satoh, M. Kawai, M. Hirakata, J. Kaburaki, Y. Kawakami, Y. Ikeda, and M. Kuwana (2006)
Rheumatology
45, 150-156
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Disruption of CD40/CD40-Ligand Interactions in a Retinal Autoimmunity Model Results in Protection without Tolerance.
- L. M. Bagenstose, R. K. Agarwal, P. B. Silver, D. M. Harlan, S. C. Hoffmann, R. L. Kampen, C.-C. Chan, and R. R. Caspi (2005)
J. Immunol.
175, 124-130
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 Is an Essential Mediator of CD40-Activated Proinflammatory Pathways in Monocytes and Macrophages.
- L. Mukundan, G. A. Bishop, K. Z. Head, L. Zhang, L. M. Wahl, and J. Suttles (2005)
J. Immunol.
174, 1081-1090
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Targeting CD40L: a Promising Therapeutic Approach.
- D. Daoussis, A. P. Andonopoulos, and S.-N. C. Liossis (2004)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol.
11, 635-641
| Full Text »
- Induction of foxP3+ Regulatory T Cells in the Periphery of T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice Tolerized to Transplants.
- S. P. Cobbold, R. Castejon, E. Adams, D. Zelenika, L. Graca, S. Humm, and H. Waldmann (2004)
J. Immunol.
172, 6003-6010
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of CD40-Induced Prostanoid Synthesis by IL-4 and IL-10 in Human Monocytes.
- Y. Inoue, T. Otsuka, H. Niiro, S. Nagano, Y. Arinobu, E. Ogami, M. Akahoshi, K. Miyake, I. Ninomiya, S. Shimizu, et al. (2004)
J. Immunol.
172, 2147-2154
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Effect of a single injection of humanized anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody on the platelet-specific autoimmune response in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
- M. Kuwana, S. Nomura, K. Fujimura, T. Nagasawa, Y. Muto, Y. Kurata, S. Tanaka, and Y. Ikeda (2004)
Blood
103, 1229-1236
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Using Regulatory APCs to Induce/Maintain Tolerance.
- A. E. JUEDES and M. G. VON HERRATH (2003)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
1005, 128-137
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Intrinsic Renal Cell Expression of CD40 Directs Th1 Effectors Inducing Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis.
- A.-J. Ruth, A. R. Kitching, T. J. Semple, P. G. Tipping, and S. R. Holdsworth (2003)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.
14, 2813-2822
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD154-CD40-independent up-regulation of B7-2 on splenic antigen-presenting cells and efficient T cell priming by staphylococcal enterotoxin A.
- K. Eshima, Y. Choi, and R. A. Flavell (2003)
Int. Immunol.
15, 817-826
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist.
- S. Nakae, S. Saijo, R. Horai, K. Sudo, S. Mori, and Y. Iwakura (2003)
PNAS
100, 5986-5990
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Prolonged Islet Allograft Survival in Diabetic NOD Mice by Targeting CD45RB and CD154.
- R. D. Molano, A. Pileggi, T. Berney, R. Poggioli, E. Zahr, R. Oliver, C. Ricordi, D. M. Rothstein, G. P. Basadonna, and L. Inverardi (2003)
Diabetes
52, 957-964
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- A crucial role of CD4 T cells as a functional source of CD154 in the initiation of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the non-obese diabetic mouse.
- K. Eshima, C. Mora, F. S. Wong, E. A. Green, I. S. Grewal, and R. A. Flavell (2003)
Int. Immunol.
15, 351-357
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Upregulation of CD40 Expression on Endothelial Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus.
- T. Maisch, B. Kropff, C. Sinzger, and M. Mach (2002)
J. Virol.
76, 12803-12812
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD28, TNF Receptor, and IL-12 Are Critical for CD4-Independent Cross-Priming of Therapeutic Antitumor CD8+ T Cells.
- H.-M. Hu, H. Winter, J. Ma, M. Croft, W. J. Urba, and B. A. Fox (2002)
J. Immunol.
169, 4897-4904
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Amelioration of Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Blockade of Inducible Costimulator-B7 Homologous Protein Costimulation.
- H. Iwai, Y. Kozono, S. Hirose, H. Akiba, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, H. Kohsaka, N. Miyasaka, and M. Azuma (2002)
J. Immunol.
169, 4332-4339
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The Serine Protease Plasmin Triggers Expression of MCP-1 and CD40 in Human Primary Monocytes via Activation of p38 MAPK and Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT Signaling Pathways.
- L. Burysek, T. Syrovets, and T. Simmet (2002)
J. Biol. Chem.
277, 33509-33517
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- THE PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL LICHEN PLANUS.
- P.B. Sugerman, N.W. Savage, L.J. Walsh, Z.Z. Zhao, X.J. Zhou, A. Khan, G.J. Seymour, and M. Bigby (2002)
Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med.
13, 350-365
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- Selective Requirement for CD40-CD154 in Drug-Induced Type 1 Versus Type 2 Responses to Trinitrophenyl-Ovalbumin.
- S. Nierkens, P. van Helden, M. Bol, R. Bleumink, P. van Kooten, S. Ramdien-Murli, L. Boon, and R. Pieters (2002)
J. Immunol.
168, 3747-3754
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Periosteal Hyperostosis (Exostosis) in DBA/1 Male Mice.
- J. C.L. Schuh, R. Hall, D. Lambert, K. Harrington, K. Mohler, and D. Barone (2002)
Toxicol Pathol
30, 390-393
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Molecular profiles of allograft rejection following inhibition of CD40 ligand costimulation differentiated by cluster analysis.
- S. M. Damrauer, R. DeFina, H. He, K. J. Haley, and D. L. Perkins (2002)
J. Leukoc. Biol.
71, 348-358
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Induction of MHC Class I Presentation of Exogenous Antigen by Dendritic Cells Is Controlled by CD4+ T Cells Engaging Class II Molecules in Cholesterol-Rich Domains.
- P. Machy, K. Serre, M. Baillet, and L. Leserman (2002)
J. Immunol.
168, 1172-1180
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40 Ligand-Deficient T Cells from X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome Carriers Have Intrinsic Priming Capability.
- F. M. Lobo, P. R. Scholl, and R. L. Fuleihan (2002)
J. Immunol.
168, 1473-1478
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40-CD40 Ligand Disruption Does Not Prevent Hyperoxia-Induced Injury.
- C. Barazzone Argiroffo, Y. R. Donati, J. Boccard, A. F. Rochat, C. Vesin, C.-D. Kan, and P.-F. Piguet (2002)
Am. J. Pathol.
160, 67-71
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Spontaneous formation of germinal centers in autoimmune mice.
- I. G. Luzina, S. P. Atamas, C. E. Storrer, L. C. daSilva, G. Kelsoe, J. C. Papadimitriou, and B. S. Handwerger (2001)
J. Leukoc. Biol.
70, 578-584
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Blockade of CD40 Ligand Suppresses Chronic Experimental Myasthenia Gravis by Down-Regulation of Th1 Differentiation and Up-Regulation of CTLA-4.
- S.-H. Im, D. Barchan, P. K. Maiti, S. Fuchs, and M. C. Souroujon (2001)
J. Immunol.
166, 6893-6898
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The Clinical Course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Inflammation Is Controlled by the Expression of CD40 within the Central Nervous System.
- B. Becher, B. G. Durell, A. V. Miga, W. F. Hickey, and R. J. Noelle (2001)
J. Exp. Med.
193, 967-974
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40/CD40 Ligand Interactions Are Critical for Elicitation of Autoimmune-Mediated Fibrosis in the Lung.
- J. Zhang-Hoover, A. Sutton, and J. Stein-Streilein (2001)
J. Immunol.
166, 3556-3563
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Prolonged Islet Graft Survival in NOD Mice by Blockade of the CD40-CD154 Pathway of T-Cell Costimulation.
- R. D. Molano, T. Berney, H. Li, P. Cattan, A. Pileggi, C. Vizzardelli, N. S. Kenyon, C. Ricordi, L. C. Burkly, and L. Inverardi (2001)
Diabetes
50, 270-276
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- Autoimmune Intervention by CD154 Blockade Prevents T Cell Retention and Effector Function in the Target Organ.
- L. M. Howard and S. D. Miller (2001)
J. Immunol.
166, 1547-1553
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Allogeneic chimerism with low-dose irradiation, antigen presensitization, and costimulator blockade in H-2 mismatched mice.
- P. J. Quesenberry, S. Zhong, H. Wang, and M. Stewart (2001)
Blood
97, 557-564
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40 Ligand--an important target for immunotherapy?.
- M L Huggins, I Todd, and R J Powell (2001)
Lupus
10, 1-3
| PDF »
- Long-term anti-CD154 dosing in nephritic mice is required to maintain survival and inhibit mediators of renal fibrosis.
- S L Kalled, A H Cutler, and J L Ferrant (2001)
Lupus
10, 9-22
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- CD40L, but Not CD40, Is Required for Allergen-Induced Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Mice.
- P. D. Mehlhop, M. van de Rijn, J. P. Brewer, A. B. Kisselgof, R. S. Geha, H. C. Oettgen, and T. R. Martin (2000)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.
23, 646-651
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- CD4+ T Lymphocytes with Constitutive CD40 Ligand in Preautoimmune (NZB NZW)F1 Lupus-Prone Mice: Phenotype and Possible Role in Autoreactivity.
- H. Lettesjo, G. P. Burd, and R. A. Mageed (2000)
J. Immunol.
165, 4095-4104
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis by Pretreatment with a Pathogenic Peptide in Liposome and Anti-CD40 Ligand Monoclonal Antibody.
- K. Namba, K. Ogasawara, N. Kitaichi, T. Morohashi, Y. Sasamoto, S. Kotake, H. Matsuda, K. Iwabuchi, C. Iwabuchi, S. Ohno, et al. (2000)
J. Immunol.
165, 2962-2969
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Heterogeneous Effects of IL-2 on Collagen-Induced Arthritis.
- S. Thornton, G. P. Boivin, K. N. Kim, F. D. Finkelman, and R. Hirsch (2000)
J. Immunol.
165, 1557-1563
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40-CD40 Ligand-Independent Activation of CD8+ T Cells Can Trigger Allograft Rejection.
- N. D. Jones, A. Van Maurik, M. Hara, B. M. Spriewald, O. Witzke, P. J. Morris, and K. J. Wood (2000)
J. Immunol.
165, 1111-1118
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Atherosclerosis: The emerging role of inflammation and the CD40-CD40 ligand system.
- R. P. Phipps (2000)
PNAS
97, 6930-6932
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Both early and delayed anti-CD40L antibody treatment induces a stable plaque phenotype.
- E. Lutgens, K. B. J. M. Cleutjens, S. Heeneman, V. E. Koteliansky, L. C. Burkly, and M. J. A. P. Daemen (2000)
PNAS
97, 7464-7469
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Increased CD40 Expression on Muscle Cells of Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Role of CD40-CD40 Ligand Interaction in IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Production.
- T. Sugiura, Y. Kawaguchi, M. Harigai, K. Takagi, S. Ohta, C. Fukasawa, M. Hara, and N. Kamatani (2000)
J. Immunol.
164, 6593-6600
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Prevention of Experimental Colitis in SCID Mice Reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ T Cells by Blocking the CD40-CD154 Interactions.
- Z. Liu, K. Geboes, S. Colpaert, L. Overbergh, C. Mathieu, H. Heremans, M. de Boer, L. Boon, G. D'Haens, P. Rutgeerts, et al. (2000)
J. Immunol.
164, 6005-6014
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40 Engagement on Synovial Fibroblast Up-Regulates Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.
- C.-S. Cho, M.-L. Cho, S.-Y. Min, W.-U. Kim, D.-J. Min, S.-S. Lee, S.-H. Park, J. Choe, and H.-Y. Kim (2000)
J. Immunol.
164, 5055-5061
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The Roles of CD28 and CD40 Ligand in T Cell Activation and Tolerance.
- K. C. Howland, L. J. Ausubel, C. A. London, and A. K. Abbas (2000)
J. Immunol.
164, 4465-4470
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Systemic upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand mRNA expression in multiple sclerosis.
- W.-X. Huang, P. Huang, and J. Hillert (2000)
Multiple Sclerosis
6, 61-65
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Increased expression of CD40 ligand (CD154) on CD4+ T cells as a marker of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.
- B. Berner, G. Wolf, K. M Hummel, G. A Müller, and M. A Reuss-Borst (2000)
Ann Rheum Dis
59, 190-195
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- An oral CD40 ligand gene therapy against lymphoma using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium.
- M. Urashima, H. Suzuki, Y. Yuza, M. Akiyama, N. Ohno, and Y. Eto (2000)
Blood
95, 1258-1263
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Acquired, but Not Innate, Immune Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Compromised by Neutralization of CD40L.
- Y.-i. Hwang, M. H. Nahm, D. E. Briles, D. Thomas, and J. M. Purkerson (2000)
Infect. Immun.
68, 511-517
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Pararosaniline Fixation for Detection of Co-stimulatory Molecules, Cytokines, and Specific Antibody.
- I. A. Schrijver, M.-J. Melief, M. van Meurs, A. R. Companjen, and J. D. Laman (2000)
J. Histochem. Cytochem.
48, 95-104
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- CD4+ T Cell Responses to CD40-Deficient APCs: Defects in Proliferation and Negative Selection Apply Only with B Cells as APCs.
- M. E. Ozaki, B. A. Coren, T. N. Huynh, D. J. Redondo, H. Kikutani, and S. R. Webb (1999)
J. Immunol.
163, 5250-5256
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Hyperexpression of CD40 Ligand (CD154) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Contribution to Pathogenic Cytokine Production.
- Z. Liu, S. Colpaert, G. R. D'Haens, A. Kasran, M. d. Boer, P. Rutgeerts, K. Geboes, and J. L. Ceuppens (1999)
J. Immunol.
163, 4049-4057
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Role and regulation of IL-12 in the in vivo response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B.
- E. Muraille, B. Pajak, J. Urbain, M. Moser, and O. Leo (1999)
Int. Immunol.
11, 1403-1410
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Collagen-induced arthritis development requires {alpha}{beta} T cells but not {gamma}{delta} T cells: studies with T cell-deficient (TCR mutant) mice.
- A. Corthay, A. Johansson, M. Vestberg, and R. Holmdahl (1999)
Int. Immunol.
11, 1065-1073
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Evaluation of Graft-Host Response for Various Tissue Sources and Animal Models.
- C. J. WEBER, S. SAFLEY, M. HAGLER, and J. KAPP (1999)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
875, 233-254
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
- CD40 Signaling of Monocyte Inflammatory Cytokine Synthesis through an ERK1/2-dependent Pathway. A TARGET OF INTERLEUKIN ()-4 AND IL-10 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION.
- J. Suttles, D. M. Milhorn, R. W. Miller, J. C. Poe, L. M. Wahl, and R. D. Stout (1999)
J. Biol. Chem.
274, 5835-5842
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CD40 Activation Boosts T Cell Immunity In Vivo by Enhancing T Cell Clonal Expansion and Delaying Peripheral T Cell Deletion.
- J. R. Maxwell, J. D. Campbell, C. H. Kim, and A. T. Vella (1999)
J. Immunol.
162, 2024-2034
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Induction of Immunologic Tolerance for Transplantation.
- A. A. ROSSINI, D. L. GREINER, and J. P. MORDES (1999)
Physiol Rev
79, 99-141
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Expression of Costimulatory Molecule CD40 in Murine Heart With Acute Myocarditis and Reduction of Inflammation by Treatment With Anti-CD40L/B7-1 Monoclonal Antibodies.
- Y. Seko, N. Takahashi, M. Azuma, H. Yagita, K. Okumura, and Y. Yazaki (1998)
Circ. Res.
83, 463-469
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Anti-CD40L Accelerates Renal Disease and Adenopathy in MRL-lpr Mice in Parallel with Decreased Thymocyte Apoptosis.
- J. Q. Russell, T. Mooney, P. L. Cohen, B. MacPherson, R. J. Noelle, and R. C. Budd (1998)
J. Immunol.
161, 729-739
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Endogenous IL-12 Is Required for Induction and Expression of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis.
- T. K. Tarrant, P. B. Silver, C.-C. Chan, B. Wiggert, and R. R. Caspi (1998)
J. Immunol.
161, 122-127
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Anti-CD40 Ligand Antibody Treatment of SNF1 Mice with Established Nephritis: Preservation of Kidney Function.
- S. L. Kalled, A. H. Cutler, S. K. Datta, and D. W. Thomas (1998)
J. Immunol.
160, 2158-2165
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Transient immunomodulation with anti-CD40 ligand antibody and CTLA4Ig enhances persistence and secondary adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into mouse liver.
- M. A. Kay, L. Meuse, A. M. Gown, P. Linsley, D. Hollenbaugh, A. Aruffo, H. D. Ochs, and C. B. Wilson (1997)
PNAS
94, 4686-4691
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Functional CD40 ligand is expressed on human vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages: Implications for CD40-CD40 ligand signaling in atherosclerosis.
- F. Mach, U. Schonbeck, G. K. Sukhova, T. Bourcier, J.-Y. Bonnefoy, J. S. Pober, and P. Libby (1997)
PNAS
94, 1931-1936
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Increased interleukin 12 production in progressive multiple sclerosis: Induction by activated CD4+ T cells via CD40 ligand.
- K. E. Balashov, D. R. Smith, S. J. Khoury, D. A. Hafler, and H. L. Weiner (1997)
PNAS
94, 599-603
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-beta antibody in db/db diabetic mice.
- F. N. Ziyadeh, B. B. Hoffman, D. C. Han, M. C. Iglesias-de la Cruz, S. W. Hong, M. Isono, S. Chen, T. A. McGowan, and K. Sharma (2000)
PNAS
97, 8015-8020
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
|
|