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Science 5 June 1992:
Vol. 256. no. 5062, pp. 1459 - 1462
DOI: 10.1126/science.1318579
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Articles

Science, Vol 256, Issue 5062, 1459-1462
Copyright © 1992 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Cytochrome b558: the flavin-binding component of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase

D Rotrosen, CL Yeung, TL Leto, HL Malech, and CH Kwong

Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.

The phagocyte respiratory burst oxidase is a flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent dehydrogenase and an electron transferase that reduces molecular oxygen to superoxide anion, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. Several proteins required for assembly of the oxidase have been characterized, but the identity of its flavin-binding component has been unclear. Oxidase activity was reconstituted in vitro with only the purified oxidase proteins p47phox, p67phox, Rac-related guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding proteins, and membrane-bound cytochrome b558. The reconstituted oxidase required added FAD, and FAD binding was localized to cytochrome b558. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of cytochrome b558 (gp91phox) with other flavoproteins revealed similarities to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH)-binding domains. Thus flavocytochrome b558 is the only obligate electron transporting component of the NADPH oxidase.


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The p67phox Activation Domain Regulates Electron Flow from NADPH to Flavin in Flavocytochrome b558.
Y. Nisimoto, S. Motalebi, C.-H. Han, and J. D. Lambeth (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22999-23005
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A. Lowenthal and R. Levy (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21603-21608
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J. Huang and M. E. Kleinberg (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 19731-19737
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
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J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15519-15525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Missense Mutations in the gp91-phox Gene Encoding Cytochrome b558 in Patients With Cytochrome b Positive and Negative X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease.
M. Kaneda, H. Sakuraba, A. Ohtake, A. Nishida, C. Kiryu, and K. Kakinuma (1999)
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   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biosynthesis of Flavocytochrome b558. gp91phox IS SYNTHESIZED AS A 65-kDa PRECURSOR (p65) IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
L. Yu, F. R. DeLeo, K. J. Biberstine-Kinkade, J. Renee, W. M. Nauseef, and M. C. Dinauer (1999)
J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4364-4369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Ku70 autoantigen interacts with p40phox in B lymphocytes.
N Grandvaux, S Grizot, P. Vignais, and M. Dagher (1999)
J. Cell Sci. 112, 503-513
   Abstract »    PDF »
Prostaglandin F2{alpha} Treatment In Vivo, but Not In Vitro, Stimulates Protein Kinase C-Activated Superoxide Production by Nonsteroidogenic Cells of the Rat Corpus Luteum.
R. F. Aten, T. R. Kolodecik, M. J. Rossi, C. Debusscher, and H. R. Behrman (1998)
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   Abstract »    Full Text »
Mutation at Histidine 338 of gp91phox Depletes FAD and Affects Expression of Cytochrome b558 of the Human NADPH Oxidase.
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J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27879-27886
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Metalloregulation of FRE1 and FRE2 Homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
L. J. Martins, L. T. Jensen, J. R. Simon, G. L. Keller, and D. R. Winge (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23716-23721
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Gp91phox is the heme binding subunit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.
L. Yu, M. T. Quinn, A. R. Cross, and M. C. Dinauer (1998)
PNAS 95, 7993-7998
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Mapping of Functional Domains in p47phox Involved in the Activation of NADPH Oxidase by "Peptide Walking".
I. Morozov, O. Lotan, G. Joseph, Y. Gorzalczany, and E. Pick (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 15435-15444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Probing the Role of the Carboxyl Terminus of the gp91phox Subunit of Neutrophil Flavocytochrome b558 using Site-directed Mutagenesis.
L. Zhen, L. Yu, and M. C. Dinauer (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6575-6581
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Essential Requirement of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 for Activation of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase.
R. Dana, T. L. Leto, H. L. Malech, and R. Levy (1998)
J. Biol. Chem. 273, 441-445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biosynthesis of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Cytochrome b558. ROLE OF HEME INCORPORATION AND HETERODIMER FORMATION IN MATURATION AND STABILITY OF gp91phox and p22phox SUBUNITS.
L. Yu, L. Zhen, and M. C. Dinauer (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27288-27294
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rac Binding to p67phox. STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR INTERACTIONS OF THE Rac1 EFFECTOR REGION AND INSERT REGION WITH COMPONENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE.
Y. Nisimoto, J. L. R. Freeman, S. A. Motalebi, M. Hirshberg, and J. D. Lambeth (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18834-18841
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase Activation by 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl Fluoride and Related Compounds.
V. Diatchuk, O. Lotan, V. Koshkin, P. Wikstroem, and E. Pick (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13292-13301
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p40phox Down-regulates NADPH Oxidase Activity through Interactions with Its SH3 Domain.
M. Sathyamoorthy, I. de Mendez, A. G. Adams, and T. L. Leto (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9141-9146
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhanced Host Defense After Gene Transfer in the Murine p47phox-Deficient Model of Chronic Granulomatous Disease.
M. Mardiney III, S. H. Jackson, S. K. Spratt, F. Li, S. M. Holland, and H. L. Malech (1997)
Blood 89, 2268-2275
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Genetic Correction of p67phox Deficient Chronic Granulomatous Disease Using Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cells as a Target for Retrovirus Mediated Gene Transfer.
W. M. Weil, G. F. Linton, N. Whiting-Theobald, S. J. Vowells, S. P. Rafferty, F. Li, and H. L. Malech (1997)
Blood 89, 1754-1761
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The Cytosolic Component p47phox Is Not a Sine Qua Non Participant in the Activation of NADPH Oxidase but Is Required for Optimal Superoxide Production.
V. Koshkin, O. Lotan, and E. Pick (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 30326-30329
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Manganese-based Superoxide Dismutase Mimetics Inhibit Neutrophil Infiltration in Vivo.
R. H. Weiss, D. J. Fretland, D. A. Baron, U. S. Ryan, and D. P. Riley (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26149-26156
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
NADPH Oxidase Activity Is Independent of p47phox in Vitro.
J. L. Freeman and J. D. Lambeth (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22578-22582
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Assembly and Activation of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase. SPECIFIC INTERACTION OF THE N-TERMINAL Src HOMOLOGY 3DOMAIN OF p47phox WITH p22phox IS REQUIRED FOR ACTIVATION OF THE NADPH OXIDASE.
H. Sumimoto, K. Hata, K. Mizuki, T. Ito, Y. Kage, Y. Sakaki, Y. Fukumaki, M. Nakamura, and K. Takeshige (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22152-22158
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Assembly of the Human Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Involves Binding of p67phox and Flavocytochrome b to a Common Functional Domain in p47phox.
F. R. De Leo, K. V. Ulman, A. R. Davis, K. L. Jutila, and M. T. Quinn (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17013-17020
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Rac Target NADPH Oxidase p67[IMAGE] Interacts Preferentially with Rac2 Rather Than Rac1.
O. Dorseuil, L. Reibel, G. M. Bokoch, J. Camonis, and G. Gacon (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 83-88
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
``Peptide Walking'' Is a Novel Method for Mapping Functional Domains in Proteins.
G. Joseph and E. Pick (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29079-29082
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Domain of p47[IMAGE] That Interacts with Human Neutrophil Flavocytochrome b[IMAGE].
F. R. DeLeo, W. M. Nauseef, A. J. Jesaitis, J. B. Burritt, R. A. Clark, and M. T. Quinn (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26246-26251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of the Effector-specifying Domain of Rac Involved in NADPH Oxidase Activation.
C. H. Kwong, A. G. Adams, and T. L. Leto (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19868-19872
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytochrome b[IMAGE] of the Neutrophil Superoxide-generating System Contains Two Nonidentical Hemes.
A. R. Cross, J. Rae, and J. T. Curnutte (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17075-17077
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Topological Mapping of Neutrophil Cytochrome b Epitopes with Phage-display Libraries.
J. B. Burritt, M. T. Quinn, M. A. Jutila, C. W. Bond, and A. J. Jesaitis (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16974-16980
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconstitution of Flavin-depleted Neutrophil Flavocytochrome b[IMAGE] with 8-Mercapto-FAD and Characterization of the Flavin-reconstituted Enzyme.
Y. Nisimoto, H. Otsuka-Murakami, and D. J. Lambeth (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16428-16434
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Electron Spin Resonance Studies on Neutrophil Cytochrome b[IMAGE].
H. Fujii, M. K. Johnson, M. G. Finnegan, T. Miki, L. S. Yoshida, and K. Kakinuma (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12685-12689
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The Mechanism of Electron Donation to Molecular Oxygen by Phagocytic Cytochrome b[IMAGE].
Y. Isogai, T. Iizuka, and Y. Shiro (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7853-7857
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A Variant X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patient (X91[IMAGE]) with Partially Functional Cytochrome b.
A. R. Cross, P. G. Heyworth, J. Rae, and J. T. Curnutte (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 8194-8200
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Cytosolic Activating Factors p47[IMAGE] and p67[IMAGE] Have Distinct Roles in the Regulation of Electron Flow in NADPH Oxidase.
A. R. Cross and J. T. Curnutte (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6543-6548
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The Arachidonate-activable, NADPH Oxidase-associated H[IMAGE] Channel.
L. M. Henderson, G. Banting, and J. B. Chappell (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5909-5916
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Interaction of Rac with p67phox and regulation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity.
D Diekmann, A Abo, C Johnston, A. Segal, and A Hall (1994)
Science 265, 531-533
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Carboxyl methylation of Ras-related proteins during signal transduction in neutrophils.
M. Philips, M. Pillinger, R Staud, C Volker, M. Rosenfeld, G Weissmann, and J. Stock (1993)
Science 259, 977-980
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A New Superoxide-generating Oxidase in Murine Osteoclasts.
S. Yang, P. Madyastha, S. Bingel, W. Ries, and L. Key (2001)
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J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1417-1423
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol Directly Activate NADPH Oxidase by Interacting with Enzyme Components.
A. Palicz, T. R. Foubert, A. J. Jesaitis, L. Marodi, and L. C. McPhail (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 3090-3097
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JFC1, a Novel Tandem C2 Domain-containing Protein Associated with the Leukocyte NADPH Oxidase.
J. K. McAdara Berkowitz, S. D. Catz, J. L. Johnson, J. M. Ruedi, V. Thon, and B. M. Babior (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18855-18862
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A Ca2+-activated NADPH Oxidase in Testis, Spleen, and Lymph Nodes.
B. Banfi, G. Molnar, A. Maturana, K. Steger, B. Hegedus, N. Demaurex, and K.-H. Krause (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 37594-37601
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Heme-ligating Histidines in Flavocytochrome b558. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC HISTIDINES IN gp91phox.
K. J. Biberstine-Kinkade, F. R. DeLeo, R. I. Epstein, B. A. LeRoy, W. M. Nauseef, and M. C. Dinauer (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 31105-31112
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Assembly of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase: A direct interaction between p67PHOX and cytochrome b558 II.
P. M.-C. Dang, A. R. Cross, M. T. Quinn, and B. M. Babior (2002)
PNAS 99, 4262-4265
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