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Science 22 November 1991:
Vol. 254. no. 5035, pp. 1131 - 1138
DOI: 10.1126/science.1957166
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Articles

Science, Vol 254, Issue 5035, 1131-1138
Copyright © 1991 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Toward the primary prevention of cancer

BE Henderson, RK Ross, and MC Pike

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.

This is the threshold of an era when many of the most prevalent human cancers can, to a significant extent, be prevented through life-style changes or medical interventions. For lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, the major cause, cigarette smoking, is known and strategies for reducing smoking are slowly succeeding. Dietary changes can reduce the risk of developing large bowel cancer, the second most common cancer overall. The etiology of the major cancer in women, cancer of the breast, is sufficiently well understood that large-scale medical intervention trials are imminent. Recent changes in the incidence and mortality of these and the other major human cancers are reviewed with a brief explanation as to why these changes have occurred, followed by a summary of the state of knowledge regarding the major causes of cancer.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement.
E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, J.-P. Bourguignon, L. C. Giudice, R. Hauser, G. S. Prins, A. M. Soto, R. T. Zoeller, and A. C. Gore (2009)
Endocr. Rev. 30, 293-342
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer risk.
G. S Prins (2008)
Endocr. Relat. Cancer 15, 649-656
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RT-PCR determination of maspin and mammaglobin B in peripheral blood of healthy donors and breast cancer patients.
L. Mercatali, V. Valenti, D. Calistri, S. Calpona, G. Rosti, S. Folli, M. Gaudio, G. L. Frassineti, D. Amadori, and E. Flamini (2006)
Ann. Onc. 17, 424-428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mammary developmental fate and breast cancer risk.
D. Medina (2005)
Endocr. Relat. Cancer 12, 483-495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biotin Supplementation Increases Expression of the Cytochrome P450 1B1 Gene in Jurkat Cells, Increasing the Occurrence of Single-Stranded DNA Breaks.
R. Rodriguez-Melendez, J. B. Griffin, and J. Zempleni (2004)
J. Nutr. 134, 2222-2228
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p53 Function Is Required for Hormone-Mediated Protection of Mouse Mammary Tumorigenesis.
D. Medina and F. S. Kittrell (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 6140-6143
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Physical Activity and Menstrual Cycle Characteristics in Two Prospective Cohorts.
B. Sternfeld, M. K. Jacobs, C. P. Quesenberry Jr., E. B. Gold, and M. Sowers (2002)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 156, 402-409
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Stimulation of DNA synthesis and c-fos mRNA expression in primary rat hepatocytes by estrogens.
C. H. Lee and A. M. Edwards (2001)
Carcinogenesis 22, 1473-1481
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Catechol estrogen conjugates and DNA adducts in the kidney of male Syrian golden hamsters treated with 4-hydroxyestradiol: potential biomarkers for estrogen-initiated cancer.
P. Devanesan, R. Todorovic, J. Zhao, M. L. Gross, E. G. Rogan, and E. L. Cavalieri (2001)
Carcinogenesis 22, 489-497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SULT1A1 catalyzes 2-methoxyestradiol sulfonation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
B. C. Spink, B. H. Katz, M. M. Hussain, S. Pang, S. P. Connor, K. M. Aldous, J. F. Gierthy, and D. C. Spink (2000)
Carcinogenesis 21, 1947-1957
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Accelerated Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Carcinogenesis in Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Transgenic Mice.
F. P. Noonan, T. Otsuka, S. Bang, M. R. Anver, and G. Merlino (2000)
Cancer Res. 60, 3738-3743
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Chapter 5: Tissue-Specific Synthesis and Oxidative Metabolism of Estrogens.
C. R. Jefcoate, J. G. Liehr, R. J. Santen, T. R. Sutter, J. D. Yager, W. Yue, S. J. Santner, R. Tekmal, L. Demers, R. Pauley, et al. (2000)
J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs 2000, 95-112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Declining Cancer Rates in the 1990s.
R. McKean-Cowdin, H. S. Feigelson, R. K. Ross, M. C. Pike, and B. E. Henderson (2000)
J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2258-2268
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DNA Repair: a Double-Edged Sword.
Q. Wei, M. L. Frazier, and B. Levin (2000)
J Natl Cancer Inst 92, 440-441
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Mutagenesis induced by oral carcinogens in lacZ mouse (MutaTMMouse) tongue and other oral tissues.
M. d. M. von Pressentin, W. Kosinska, and J. B. Guttenplan (1999)
Carcinogenesis 20, 2167-2170
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Prevention of Bladder Cancer.
P. A. Jones and R. K. Ross (1999)
N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1424-1426
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Antiprogestin Inhibition of Cell Cycle Progression in T-47D Breast Cancer Cells Is Accompanied by Induction of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21.
E. A. Musgrove, C. S. L. Lee, A. L. Cornish, A. Swarbrick, and R. L. Sutherland (1997)
Mol. Endocrinol. 11, 54-66
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Molecular Cloning, Structure, and Expression of Mouse Estrogen-responsive Finger Protein Efp.
A. Orimo, S. Inoue, K. Ikeda, S. Noji, and M. Muramatsu (1995)
J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24406-24413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diet and health: what should we eat?.
W. Willett (1994)
Science 264, 532-537
   Abstract »    PDF »
Actual Causes of Death in the United States.
J. M. McGinnis and W. H. Foege (1993)
JAMA 270, 2207-2212
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hormonal chemoprevention of cancer in women.
B. Henderson, R. Ross, and M. Pike (1993)
Science 259, 633-638
   Abstract »    PDF »
Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs: Diet and Cancer: Where Do Matters Stand?.
(1993)
Arch Intern Med 153, 50-56
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The Effect of Stress on Toxicological Investigations.
W.H. Vogel (1993)
Human and Experimental Toxicology 12, 265-271
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Rodent carcinogens: setting priorities.
L. Gold, T. Slone, B. Stern, N. Manley, and B. Ames (1992)
Science 258, 261-265
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Response.
P. H. Abelson (1992)
Science 257, 1331
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Physical Activity and Cancer.
R. E. FRISCH, G. WYSHAK, T. E. ALBRIGHT, and N. L. ALBRIGHT (1992)
Science 255, 1491
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Diet and cancer in humans and rodents.
P. Abelson (1992)
Science 255, 141
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