Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
ESF Genomics

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 18 October 1991:
Vol. 254. no. 5030, pp. 423 - 427
DOI: 10.1126/science.1925601
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 254, Issue 5030, 423-427
Copyright © 1991 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Quiescent T lymphocytes as an inducible virus reservoir in HIV-1 infection

MI Bukrinsky, TL Stanwick, MP Dempsey, and M Stevenson

Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198.

To better understand the basis for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persistence and latency, the form in which viral DNA exists in the peripheral T lymphocyte reservoir of infected individuals was investigated. In asymptomatic individuals, HIV-1 was harbored predominantly as full-length, unintegrated complementary DNA. These extrachromosomal DNA forms retained the ability to integrate upon T cell activation in vitro. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there was an increase in integrated relative to extrachromosomal DNA forms. By analysis of DNA from patient lymphocyte subpopulations depleted of human lymphocyte antigen-Dr receptor-positive cells, quiescent T cells were identified as the source of extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA. Thus quiescent T lymphocytes may be a major and inducible HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Preferential Cytolysis of Peripheral Memory CD4+ T Cells by In Vitro X4-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection before the Completion of Reverse Transcription.
Y. Zhou, L. Shen, H.-C. Yang, and R. F. Siliciano (2008)
J. Virol. 82, 9154-9163
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 induced activation of CD4+ T cells creates new targets for HIV-1 infection in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo.
A. Biancotto, S. J. Iglehart, C. Vanpouille, C. E. Condack, A. Lisco, E. Ruecker, I. Hirsch, L. B. Margolis, and J.-C. Grivel (2008)
Blood 111, 699-704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Addition of Deoxynucleosides Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integration and 2LTR Formation in Resting CD4+ T Cells.
G. Plesa, J. Dai, C. Baytop, J. L. Riley, C. H. June, and U. O'Doherty (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 13938-13942
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Determination of virus burst size in vivo using a single-cycle SIV in rhesus macaques.
H. Y. Chen, M. Di Mascio, A. S. Perelson, D. D. Ho, and L. Zhang (2007)
PNAS 104, 19079-19084
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vpr Is Required for Efficient Nef Expression from Unintegrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA.
B. Poon, M. A. Chang, and I. S. Y. Chen (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 10515-10523
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Peripheral Blood Predominantly Takes Place in CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Lymphocytes.
P. Kaiser, B. Joos, B. Niederost, R. Weber, H. F. Gunthard, M. Fischer, and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 9693-9706
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Immediate Activation Fails To Rescue Efficient Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Quiescent CD4+ T Cells.
D. N. Vatakis, G. Bristol, T. A. Wilkinson, S. A. Chow, and J. A. Zack (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 3574-3582
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Pathway for Induction of Latent Virus from Resting CD4+ T Cells in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Macaque Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Latency.
A. Shen, H.-C. Yang, Y. Zhou, A. J. Chase, J. D. Boyer, H. Zhang, J. B. Margolick, M. C. Zink, J. E. Clements, and R. F. Siliciano (2007)
J. Virol. 81, 1660-1670
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alpha Interferon Potently Enhances the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity of APOBEC3G in Resting Primary CD4 T Cells..
K. Chen, J. Huang, C. Zhang, S. Huang, G. Nunnari, F.-x. Wang, X. Tong, L. Gao, K. Nikisher, and H. Zhang (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 7645-7657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective Virus Drives Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Persistence, and Pathogenesis..
D. Finzi, S. F. Plaeger, and C. W. Dieffenbach (2006)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13, 715-721
   Full Text »    PDF »
Residual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viremia in Some Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Dominated by a Small Number of Invariant Clones Rarely Found in Circulating CD4+ T Cells..
J. R. Bailey, A. R. Sedaghat, T. Kieffer, T. Brennan, P. K. Lee, M. Wind-Rotolo, C. M. Haggerty, A. R. Kamireddi, Y. Liu, J. Lee, et al. (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 6441-6457
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus following Activation of Latently Infected Cells.
P. A. Arlen, D. G. Brooks, L. Y. Gao, D. Vatakis, H. J. Brown, and J. A. Zack (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 1599-1603
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
R5 Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Preferentially Infect CD62L- CD4+ T Cells and Are Potentially Resistant to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
F. Gondois-Rey, A. Biancotto, M. A. Fernandez, L. Bettendroffer, J. Blazkova, K. Trejbalova, M. Pion, and I. Hirsch (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 854-865
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased CXCR4-dependent HIV-1 fusion in activated T cells: role of CD4/CXCR4 association.
M. Zaitseva, T. Romantseva, J. Manischewitz, J. Wang, D. Goucher, and H. Golding (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 1306-1317
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The HIV-1 Tat Protein Selectively Enhances CXCR4 and Inhibits CCR5 Expression in Megakaryocytic K562 Cells.
D. Mondal, C. A. Williams, M. Ali, M. Eilers, and K. C. Agrawal (2005)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 230, 631-644
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Assay Allows Genotyping of the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Resting CD4+ T Cells of Viremic Patients.
D. Monie, R. P. Simmons, R. E. Nettles, T. L. Kieffer, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, S. Karmon, R. Ingersoll, K. Chadwick, H. Zhang, et al. (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 5185-5202
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Decay following Entry into Resting CD4+ T Cells.
Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, J. D. Siliciano, and R. F. Siliciano (2005)
J. Virol. 79, 2199-2210
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiviral Activity of CYC202 in HIV-1-infected Cells.
E. Agbottah, C. de La Fuente, S. Nekhai, A. Barnett, A. Gianella-Borradori, A. Pumfery, and F. Kashanchi (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3029-3042
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mechanisms for Macrophage-Mediated HIV-1 Induction.
K. Devadas, N. J. Hardegen, L. M. Wahl, I. K. Hewlett, K. A. Clouse, K. M. Yamada, and S. Dhawan (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 6735-6744
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Role of Prostratin in Inhibition of Infection and Reactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus from Latency in Primary Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphoid Tissue.
A. Biancotto, J.-C. Grivel, F. Gondois-Rey, L. Bettendroffer, R. Vigne, S. Brown, L. B. Margolis, and I. Hirsch (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10507-10515
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Antigen Secretion by Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes from HIV-1-Infected Individuals.
J.-M. Fondere, G. Petitjean, M.-F. Huguet, S. L. Salhi, V. Baillat, A. Macura-Biegum, P. Becquart, J. Reynes, and J.-P. Vendrell (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 10536-10542
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hyper-responsiveness to Stimulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Requires Nef and Tat Virus Gene Products and Results from Higher NFAT, NF-{kappa}B, and AP-1 Induction.
J.-F. Fortin, C. Barat, Y. Beausejour, B. Barbeau, and M. J. Tremblay (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 39520-39531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Abacavir Have Different Effects on Resting Cells Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro.
J. Saavedra-Lozano, C. C. McCoig, Y. Cao, E. S. Vitetta, and O. Ramilo (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 2825-2830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A long-term latent reservoir for HIV-1: discovery and clinical implications.
J. D. Siliciano and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 6-9
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Engagement of ICAM-3 Provides a Costimulatory Signal for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in both Activated and Quiescent CD4+ T Lymphocytes: Implications for Virus Pathogenesis.
C. Barat, P. Gervais, and M. J. Tremblay (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 6692-6697
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Capsid Is a Dominant Determinant of Retrovirus Infectivity in Nondividing Cells.
M. Yamashita and M. Emerman (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 5670-5678
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cells from CD4C/HIVNef Transgenic Mice Show Enhanced Activation In Vivo with Impaired Proliferation In Vitro but Are Dispensable for the Development of a Severe AIDS-Like Organ Disease.
X. Weng, E. Priceputu, P. Chrobak, J. Poudrier, D. G. Kay, Z. Hanna, T. W. Mak, and P. Jolicoeur (2004)
J. Virol. 78, 5244-5257
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
Z.-Q. Zhang, S. W. Wietgrefe, Q. Li, M. D. Shore, L. Duan, C. Reilly, J. D. Lifson, and A. T. Haase (2004)
PNAS 101, 5640-5645
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An anti-CD45RO immunotoxin kills HIV-latently infected cells from individuals on HAART with little effect on CD8 memory.
J. Saavedra-Lozano, Y. Cao, J. Callison, R. Sarode, D. Sodora, J. Edgar, J. Hatfield, L. Picker, D. Peterson, O. Ramilo, et al. (2004)
PNAS 101, 2494-2499
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Recall Antigens Suppress HIV-1 Replication in Anergic Donor Cells via CD8+ T Cell Expansion and Increased IL-10 Levels.
S. Ranjbar, N. Ly, S. Thim, J.-M. Reynes, and A. E. Goldfeld (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 1953-1959
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor BAF Binds p55 Gag and Matrix and Is a Host Component of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions.
M. Mansharamani, D. R. M. Graham, D. Monie, K. K. Lee, J. E. K. Hildreth, R. F. Siliciano, and K. L. Wilson (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 13084-13092
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of T cell-signaling pathways that stimulate latent HIV in primary cells.
D. G. Brooks, P. A. Arlen, L. Gao, C. M. R. Kitchen, and J. A. Zack (2003)
PNAS 100, 12955-12960
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Productive Infection Maintains a Dynamic Steady State of Residual Viremia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Persons Treated with Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy for Five Years.
D. V. Havlir, M. C. Strain, M. Clerici, C. Ignacio, D. Trabattoni, P. Ferrante, and J. K. Wong (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 11212-11219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Early Transcription from Nonintegrated DNA in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
Y. Wu and J. W. Marsh (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 10376-10382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gene Expression in Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes In Vivo.
M. Hermankova, J. D. Siliciano, Y. Zhou, D. Monie, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, T. C. Quinn, and R. F. Siliciano (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 7383-7392
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes but Not Thymocytes Provide a Latent Viral Reservoir in a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Macaca nemestrina Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
A. Shen, M. C. Zink, J. L. Mankowski, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, L. M. Carruth, M. Li, J. E. Clements, and R. F. Siliciano (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 4938-4949
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Enhances Expression from Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.
B. Poon and I. S. Y. Chen (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 3962-3972
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication following Viral Entry in Primary CD4+ T Lymphocytes and Macrophages.
F. Francois and M. E. Klotman (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2539-2549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Abrogation of postentry restriction of HIV-1-based lentiviral vector transduction in simian cells.
N. A. Kootstra, C. Munk, N. Tonnu, N. R. Landau, and I. M. Verma (2003)
PNAS 100, 1298-1303
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hepatitis C in the HIV-Infected Person.
M. S. Sulkowski and D. L. Thomas (2003)
Ann Intern Med 138, 197-207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In vivo dynamics of T cell activation, proliferation, and death in HIV-1 infection: Why are CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells depleted?.
R. M. Ribeiro, H. Mohri, D. D. Ho, and A. S. Perelson (2002)
PNAS 99, 15572-15577
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Capture and Transfer of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus by Macaque Dendritic Cells Is Enhanced by DC-SIGN.
M. T. Yu Kimata, M. Cella, J. E. Biggins, C. Rorex, R. White, S. Hicks, J. M. Wilson, P. G. Patel, J. S. Allan, M. Colonna, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 11827-11836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Sensitive, Quantitative Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integration.
U. O'Doherty, W. J. Swiggard, D. Jeyakumar, D. McGain, and M. H. Malim (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 10942-10950
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lymphoid activation: a confounding factor in AIDS vaccine development?.
J. Richardson, S. Broche, S. Baud, T. Leste-Lasserre, F. Femenia, D. Levy, A. Moraillon, G. Pancino, and P. Sonigo (2002)
J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2515-2521
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of Wild-Type Virus and Lack of Temporal Structure in the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Pediatric Patients with Extensive Antiretroviral Exposure.
C. T. Ruff, S. C. Ray, P. Kwon, R. Zinn, A. Pendleton, N. Hutton, R. Ashworth, S. Gange, T. C. Quinn, R. F. Siliciano, et al. (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 9481-9492
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Characterization of Preintegration Latency in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
T. C. Pierson, Y. Zhou, T. L. Kieffer, C. T. Ruff, C. Buck, and R. F. Siliciano (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 8518-8531
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct and Quantitative Single-Cell Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reactivation from Latency.
O. Kutsch, E. N. Benveniste, G. M. Shaw, and D. N. Levy (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 8776-8786
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistent HIV-1 infection of natural killer cells in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
A. Valentin, M. Rosati, D. J. Patenaude, A. Hatzakis, L. G. Kostrikis, M. Lazanas, K. M. Wyvill, R. Yarchoan, and G. N. Pavlakis (2002)
PNAS 99, 7015-7020
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclin T1 Expression Is Mediated by a Complex and Constitutively Active Promoter and Does Not Limit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Function in Unstimulated Primary Lymphocytes.
J. Martin-Serrano, K. Li, and P. D. Bieniasz (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 208-219
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of TAK (Cyclin T1/P-TEFb) in Purified Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Combination of Cytokines.
R. Ghose, L.-Y. Liou, C. H. Herrmann, and A. P. Rice (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 11336-11343
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Cytopathic Effects of Non-Syncytium-Inducing and Syncytium-Inducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants on Different CD4+-T-Cell Subsets Are Determined Only by Coreceptor Expression.
D. Kwa, J. Vingerhoed, B. Boeser-Nunnink, S. Broersen, and H. Schuitemaker (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 10455-10459
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.
S. D. Lawn, S. T. Butera, and T. M. Folks (2001)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14, 753-777
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Accumulation and Intranuclear Distribution of Unintegrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA.
P. Bell, L. J. Montaner, and G. G. Maul (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 7683-7691
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nonproliferating Bystander CD4+ T Cells Lacking Activation Markers Support HIV Replication During Immune Activation.
D. Scales, H. Ni, F. Shaheen, J. Capodici, G. Cannon, and D. Weissman (2001)
J. Immunol. 166, 6437-6443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Positive and Negative Aspects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease: Development of Inhibitors versus Its Role in AIDS Pathogenesis.
K. Ikuta, S. Suzuki, H. Horikoshi, T. Mukai, and R. B. Luftig (2000)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64, 725-745
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resistance to Apoptosis in HIV-Infected CD4+ T Lymphocytes Is Mediated by Macrophages: Role for Nef and Immune Activation in Viral Persistence.
U. Mahlknecht, C. Deng, M. C. Lu, T. C. Greenough, J. L. Sullivan, W. A. O'Brien, and G. Herbein (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 6437-6446
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of Chemokine Receptor Utilization of Viruses in the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
T. Pierson, T. L. Hoffman, J. Blankson, D. Finzi, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, C. Buck, J. D. Siliciano, R. W. Doms, and R. F. Siliciano (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 7824-7833
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Infection of CD4+ Memory T Cells by HIV-1 Requires Expression of Phosphodiesterase 4.
Y. Sun, L. Li, F. Lau, J. A. Beavo, and E. A. Clark (2000)
J. Immunol. 165, 1755-1761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Control and Escape.
A. K. Sewell, D. A. Price, A. Oxenius, A. D. Kelleher, and R. E. Phillips (2000)
Stem Cells 18, 230-244
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Long-term kinetics of T cell production in HIV-infected subjects treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
S. Fleury, G. P. Rizzardi, A. Chapuis, G. Tambussi, C. Knabenhans, E. Simeoni, J.-Y. Meuwly, J.-M. Corpataux, A. Lazzarin, F. Miedema, et al. (2000)
PNAS 97, 5393-5398
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virus Load and Sequence Variation in Simian Retrovirus Type 2 Infection.
L. L. Rosenblum, R. A. Weiss, and M. O. McClure (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 3449-3454
   Abstract »    Full Text »
In vivo HIV-1 infection of CD45RA+CD4+ T cells is established primarily by syncytium-inducing variants and correlates with the rate of CD4+ T cell decline.
H. Blaak, A. B. van't Wout, M. Brouwer, B. Hooibrink, E. Hovenkamp, and H. Schuitemaker (2000)
PNAS 97, 1269-1274
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-driven CD4+ T cell and HIV-1 dynamics: Residual viral replication under highly active antiretroviral therapy.
N. M. Ferguson, F. deWolf, A. C. Ghani, C. Fraser, C. A. Donnelly, P. Reiss, J. M. A. Lange, S. A. Danner, G. P. Garnett, J. Goudsmit, et al. (1999)
PNAS 96, 15167-15172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sexual Transmission and Propagation of SIV and HIV in Resting and Activated CD4+ T Cells.
Z. Zhang, T. Schuler, M. Zupancic, S. Wietgrefe, K. A. Staskus, K. A. Reimann, T. A. Reinhart, M. Rogan, W. Cavert, C. J. Miller, et al. (1999)
Science 286, 1353-1357
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Altering the Intracellular Environment Increases the Frequency of Tandem Repeat Deletion during Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcription.
J. K. Pfeiffer, R. S. Topping, N.-H. Shin, and A. Telesnitsky (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 8441-8447
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Latent reservoirs of HIV: Obstacles to the eradication of virus.
T.-W. Chun and A. S. Fauci (1999)
PNAS 96, 10958-10961
   Full Text »    PDF »
An anti-CD45RO immunotoxin eliminates T cells latently infected with HIV-1 in vitro.
C. McCoig, G. Van Dyke, C.-S. Chou, L. J. Picker, O. Ramilo, and E. S. Vitetta (1999)
PNAS 96, 11482-11485
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The B-Oligomer of Pertussis Toxin Deactivates CC Chemokine Receptor 5 and Blocks Entry of M-tropic HIV-1 Strains.
M. Alfano, H. Schmidtmayerova, C.-A. Amella, T. Pushkarsky, and M. Bukrinsky (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 190, 597-606
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Real-Time PCR and Molecular Beacons To Detect Virus Replication in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals on Prolonged Effective Antiretroviral Therapy.
S. R. Lewin, M. Vesanen, L. Kostrikis, A. Hurley, M. Duran, L. Zhang, D. D. Ho, and M. Markowitz (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 6099-6103
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Cytokine Signals Are Sufficient for HIV-1 Infection of Resting Human T Lymphocytes.
D. Unutmaz, V. N. KewalRamani, S. Marmon, and D. R. Littman (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 1735-1746
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Persistence of HIV-1 Transcription in Peripheral-Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Therapy.
M. R. Furtado, D. S. Callaway, J. P. Phair, K. J. Kunstman, J. L. Stanton, C. A. Macken, A. S. Perelson, and S. M. Wolinsky (1999)
N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1614-1622
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of the c-myc Proto-oncogene Is Essential for HIV-1 Infection in Activated T Cells.
Y. Sun and E. A. Clark (1999)
J. Exp. Med. 189, 1391-1398
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nef Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Responsiveness to Interleukin-2 in Human Lymphoid Tissue Ex Vivo.
S. Glushakova, J.-C. Grivel, K. Suryanarayana, P. Meylan, J. D. Lifson, R. Desrosiers, and L. Margolis (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 3968-3974
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Rapid Telomere Shortening in Children.
S. L. Zeichner, P. Palumbo, Y. Feng, X. Xiao, D. Gee, J. Sleasman, M. Goodenow, R. Biggar, and D. Dimitrov (1999)
Blood 93, 2824-2830
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation-Induced Resistance of Human Macrophages to HIV-1 Infection In Vitro.
G. Zybarth, N. Reiling, H. Schmidtmayerova, B. Sherry, and M. Bukrinsky (1999)
J. Immunol. 162, 400-406
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
HIV-1 Tat transactivator recruits p300 and CREB-binding protein histone acetyltransferases to the viral promoter.
G. Marzio, M. Tyagi, M. I. Gutierrez, and M. Giacca (1998)
PNAS 95, 13519-13524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Level of ICAM-1 Surface Expression on Virus Producer Cells Influences both the Amount of Virion-Bound Host ICAM-1 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity.
J.-S. Paquette, J.-F. Fortin, L. Blanchard, and M. J. Tremblay (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 9329-9336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Patterns of HIV-1 evolution in individuals with differing rates of CD4 T cell decline.
R. B. Markham, W.-C. Wang, A. E. Weisstein, Z. Wang, A. Munoz, A. Templeton, J. Margolick, D. Vlahov, T. Quinn, H. Farzadegan, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 12568-12573
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Immune Activation on the Dynamics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and on the Distribution of Viral Quasispecies.
M. A. Ostrowski, D. C. Krakauer, Y. Li, S. J. Justement, G. Learn, L. A. Ehler, S. K. Stanley, M. Nowak, and A. S. Fauci (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 7772-7784
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cellular and Anatomical Reservoirs of HIV-1 in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Combination Therapy.
L. K. Schrager and M. P. D'Souza (1998)
JAMA 280, 67-71
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase Type IV Suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Cytokine Production in Primary T Cells: Involvement of NF-kappa B and NFAT.
J. Navarro, C. Punzon, J. L. Jimenez, E. Fernandez-Cruz, A. Pizarro, M. Fresno, and M. A. Munoz-Fernandez (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 4712-4720
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Progression to the G1b Phase of the Cell Cycle Is Required for Completion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcription in T Cells.
Y. D. Korin and J. A. Zack (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 3161-3168
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Invading the Yeast Nucleus: a Nuclear Localization Signal at the C Terminus of Ty1 Integrase Is Required for Transposition In Vivo.
M. A. Kenna, C. B. Brachmann, S. E. Devine, and J. D. Boeke (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1115-1124
   Abstract »    Full Text »
A Lymph Node-Derived Cytopathic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Mne Variant Replicates in Nonstimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
J. T. Kimata, A. Mozaffarian, and J. Overbaugh (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 245-256
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
T.-W. Chun, L. Stuyver, S. B. Mizell, L. A. Ehler, J. A. M. Mican, M. Baseler, A. L. Lloyd, M. A. Nowak, and A. S. Fauci (1997)
PNAS 94, 13193-13197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a Reservoir for HIV-1 in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
D. Finzi, M. Hermankova, T. Pierson, L. M. Carruth, C. Buck, R. E. Chaisson, T. C. Quinn, K. Chadwick, J. Margolick, R. Brookmeyer, et al. (1997)
Science 278, 1295-1300
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Transduction of nondividing cells using pseudotyped defective high-titer HIV type 1 particles.
J. Reiser, G. Harmison, S. Kluepfel-Stahl, R. O. Brady, S. Karlsson, and M. Schubert (1996)
PNAS 93, 15266-15271
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Immunization with a Common Recall Antigen on Viral Expression in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.
S. K. Stanley, M. A. Ostrowski, J. S. Justement, K. Gantt, S. Hedayati, M. Mannix, K. Roche, D. J. Schwartzentruber, C. H. Fox, and A. S. Fauci (1996)
N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 1222-1229
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »