Science 4 January 1991: Vol. 251. no. 4989, pp. 85 - 87 DOI: 10.1126/science.1824728

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Articles

Biomarkers of morphine tolerance and dependence are prevented by morphine-induced endocytosis of a mutant {micro}-opioid receptor.

L. He, J. A. Kim, and J. L. Whistler (2009)
FASEB J 23, 4327-4334
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Peripheral Antinociceptive Effects of Endomorphin-1 and Kynurenic Acid in the Rat Inflamed Joint Model.

L. Mecs, G. Tuboly, E. Nagy, G. Benedek, and G. Horvath (2009)
Anesth. Analg. 109, 1297-1304
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Central Administration of Minocycline and Riluzole Prevents Morphine-Induced Tolerance in Rats.

B. Habibi-Asl, K. Hassanzadeh, and M. Charkhpour (2009)
Anesth. Analg. 109, 936-942
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Ginsenoside Rg1 restores the impairment of learning induced by chronic morphine administration in rats.

D. Qi, Y. Zhu, L. Wen, Q. Liu, and H. Qiao (2009)
J Psychopharmacol 23, 74-83
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

EphB receptor signaling in mouse spinal cord contributes to physical dependence on morphine.

W.-T. Liu, H.-C. Li, X.-S. Song, Z.-J. Huang, and X.-J. Song (2009)
FASEB J 23, 90-98
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Morphine Induces Ubiquitin-Proteasome Activity and Glutamate Transporter Degradation.

L. Yang, S. Wang, B. Sung, G. Lim, and J. Mao (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 21703-21713
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Morphine in Combination with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonists on Schedule-Controlled Responding and Thermal Nociception.

B. D. Fischer, E. I. Zimmerman, M. J. Picker, and L. A. Dykstra (2008)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324, 732-739
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Effect of Dexamethasone on Spinal Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase Expression in Morphine-Tolerant Rats.

G.-J. Wu, Z.-H. Wen, W.-F. Chen, Y.-C. Chang, C.-H. Cherng, and C.-S. Wong (2007)
Anesth. Analg. 104, 726-730
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Involvement of Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptors in Central Amygdala in Synaptic Actions of Ethanol and Ethanol-Induced Reward Behavior.

W. Zhu, B. Bie, and Z. Z. Pan (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 289-298
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Primary Afferent NMDA Receptors Increase Dorsal Horn Excitation and Mediate Opiate Tolerance in Neonatal Rats..

J. Zeng, L. M. Thomson, S. A. Aicher, and G. W. Terman (2006)
J. Neurosci. 26, 12033-12042
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Effects of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3beta and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Inhibitors on Morphine-Induced Analgesia and Tolerance in Rats.

J. R. Parkitna, I. Obara, A. Wawrzczak-Bargiela, W. Makuch, B. Przewlocka, and R. Przewlocki (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319, 832-839
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Endogenous Orphanin FQ/Nociceptin Is Involved in the Development of Morphine Tolerance.

S. Chung, S. Pohl, J. Zeng, O. Civelli, and R. K. Reinscheid (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318, 262-267
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Ethanol-Induced Hypnotic Tolerance Is Absent in N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor {varepsilon}1 Subunit Knockout Mice..

Y. Sato, N. Seo, and E. Kobayashi (2006)
Anesth. Analg. 103, 117-120
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Morphine, oxycodone, methadone and its enantiomers in different models of nociception in the rat..

K. Lemberg, V. K. Kontinen, K. Viljakka, I. Kylanlahti, J. Yli-Kauhaluoma, and E. Kalso (2006)
Anesth. Analg. 102, 1768-1774
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Reversal of Morphine Antinociceptive Tolerance and Dependence by the Acute Supraspinal Inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II.

L. Tang, P. K. Shukla, L. X. Wang, and Z. J. Wang (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 317, 901-909
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Expression of Spinal NMDA Receptor and PKC{gamma} after Chronic Morphine Is Regulated by Spinal Glucocorticoid Receptor.

G. Lim, S. Wang, Q. Zeng, B. Sung, L. Yang, and J. Mao (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 11145-11154
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Agmatine after Spinal Administration in the Mouse.

J. C. Roberts, B. M. Grocholski, K. F. Kitto, and C. A. Fairbanks (2005)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314, 1226-1233
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Age-Dependent Morphine Tolerance Development in the Rat.

Y. Wang, J. Mitchell, K. Moriyama, K.-j. Kim, M. Sharma, G.-x. Xie, and P. P. Palmer (2005)
Anesth. Analg. 100, 1733-1739
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

cAMP-Mediated Mechanisms for Pain Sensitization during Opioid Withdrawal.

B. Bie, Y. Peng, Y. Zhang, and Z. Z. Pan (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 3824-3832
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

An Antisense Oligonucleotide to the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Subunit NMDAR1 Attenuates NMDA-Induced Nociception, Hyperalgesia, and Morphine Tolerance.

N. Shimoyama, M. Shimoyama, A. M. Davis, D. T. Monaghan, and C. E. Inturrisi (2005)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312, 834-840
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cholecystokinin in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Mediates Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Antinociceptive Tolerance.

J. Y. Xie, D. S. Herman, C.-O. Stiller, L. R. Gardell, M. H. Ossipov, J. Lai, F. Porreca, and T. W. Vanderah (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 409-416
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Protein Kinase C Activation Enhances Morphine-Induced Rapid Desensitization of {micro}-Opioid Receptors in Mature Rat Locus Ceruleus Neurons.

C. P. Bailey, E. Kelly, and G. Henderson (2004)
Mol. Pharmacol. 66, 1592-1598
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chronic Morphine Treatment Alters N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors in Freshly Isolated Neurons from Nucleus Accumbens.

G. Martin, A. Guadano-Ferraz, B. Morte, S. Ahmed, G. F. Koob, L. de Lecea, and G. R. Siggins (2004)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311, 265-273
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Effects of Intrathecal Gabapentin on Spinal Morphine Tolerance in the Rat Tail-Flick and Paw Pressure Tests.

C. Hansen, I. Gilron, and M. Hong (2004)
Anesth. Analg. 99, 1180-1184
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Stress Enables Synaptic Depression in CA1 Synapses by Acute and Chronic Morphine: Possible Mechanisms for Corticosterone on Opiate Addiction.

Y. Yang, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, J. Cao, Z. Dong, J. Cai, N. Sui, and L. Xu (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 2412-2420
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Nonopioid Actions of Intrathecal Dynorphin Evoke Spinal Excitatory Amino Acid and Prostaglandin E2 Release Mediated by Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2.

L. Koetzner, X.-Y. Hua, J. Lai, F. Porreca, and T. Yaksh (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, 1451-1458
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neuroimmune Activation and Neuroinflammation in Chronic Pain and Opioid Tolerance/Hyperalgesia.

J. A. Deleo, F. Y. Tanga, and V. L. Tawfik (2004)
Neuroscientist 10, 40-52
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain.

J. C. Ballantyne and J. Mao (2003)
N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1943-1953
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Antagonism of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors Reduces the Vulnerability of the Immune System to Stress after Chronic Morphine.

N. C. Alonzo and B. M. Bayer (2003)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 793-800
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist (-)-6-Phosphonomethyl-deca-hydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid (LY235959) Potentiates the Antinociceptive Effects of Opioids That Vary in Efficacy at the {micro}-Opioid Receptor.

R. M. Allen, A. L. Granger, and L. A. Dykstra (2003)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 785-792
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Capsaicin-Induced Hyperalgesia and {micro}-Opioid-Induced Antihyperalgesia in Male and Female Fischer 344 Rats.

A. C. Barrett, E. S. Smith, and M. J. Picker (2003)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 237-245
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Brain Region-Specific Mechanisms for Acute Morphine-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Modulation and Distinct Patterns of Activation during Analgesic Tolerance and Locomotor Sensitization.

S. Eitan, C. D. Bryant, N. Saliminejad, Y. C. Yang, E. Vojdani, D. Keith Jr, R. Polakiewicz, and C. J. Evans (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 8360-8369
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Topical Capsaicin-Induced Allodynia in Unanesthetized Primates: Pharmacological Modulation.

E. R. Butelman, J. W. Ball, T. J. Harris, and M. J. Kreek (2003)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306, 1106-1114
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Presynaptic Mechanism for Anti-Analgesic and Anti-Hyperalgesic Actions of {kappa}-Opioid Receptors.

B. Bie and Z. Z. Pan (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 7262-7268
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Locus-Specific Rescue of GluR{epsilon}1 NMDA Receptors in Mutant Mice Identifies the Brain Regions Important for Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

M. Inoue, M. Mishina, and H. Ueda (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 6529-6536
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Morphine Withdrawal Increases Glutamate Uptake and Surface Expression of Glutamate Transporter GLT1 at Hippocampal Synapses.

N.-J. Xu, L. Bao, H.-P. Fan, G.-B. Bao, L. Pu, Y.-J. Lu, C.-F. Wu, X. Zhang, and G. Pei (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, 4775-4784
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dexmedetomidine Fails to Cause Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Chronic Administration.

M. F. Davies, F. Haimor, G. Lighthall, and J. D. Clark (2003)
Anesth. Analg. 96, 195-200
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Genetic Dissociation of Opiate Tolerance and Physical Dependence in delta -Opioid Receptor-1 and Preproenkephalin Knock-Out Mice.

J. F. Nitsche, A. G. P. Schuller, M. A. King, M. Zengh, G. W. Pasternak, and J. E. Pintar (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 10906-10913
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Differential Mechanisms of Morphine Antinociceptive Tolerance Revealed in beta Arrestin-2 Knock-Out Mice.

L. M. Bohn, R. J. Lefkowitz, and M. G. Caron (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 10494-10500
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

GABAergic and Glutamatergic Afferents in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Mediate Morphine-Induced Increases in Serotonin Efflux in the Rat Central Nervous System.

R. Tao and S. B. Auerbach (2002)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 704-710
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Analgesics for the Treatment of Pain in Children.

C. B. Berde and N. F. Sethna (2002)
N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1094-1103
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Chronic Morphine Induces Downregulation of Spinal Glutamate Transporters: Implications in Morphine Tolerance and Abnormal Pain Sensitivity.

J. Mao, B. Sung, R.-R. Ji, and G. Lim (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 8312-8323
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Differential Effects of {micro}-Opioid Receptor Ligands on Ca2+ Signaling.

J. M. Quillan, K. W. Carlson, C. Song, D. Wang, and W. Sadee (2002)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 1002-1012
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Neuronal Apoptosis Associated with Morphine Tolerance: Evidence for an Opioid-Induced Neurotoxic Mechanism.

J. Mao, B. Sung, R.-R. Ji, and G. Lim (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 7650-7661
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation Is Reduced by Chronic Opiate Treatment and Can Be Restored by Re-Exposure to Opiates.

L. Pu, G.-B. Bao, N.-J. Xu, L. Ma, and G. Pei (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 1914-1921
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dextromethorphan Potentiates the Antinociceptive Effects of Morphine and the delta -Opioid Agonist SNC80 in Squirrel Monkeys.

R. M. Allen, A. L. Granger, and L. A. Dykstra (2002)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300, 435-441
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Potentiate the Antinociceptive Effects of Morphine in Squirrel Monkeys.

R. M. Allen and L. A. Dykstra (2001)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 288-297
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Tonic Descending Facilitation from the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Mediates Opioid-Induced Abnormal Pain and Antinociceptive Tolerance.

T. W. Vanderah, N. M. H. Suenaga, M. H. Ossipov, T. P. Malan Jr, J. Lai, and F. Porreca (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 279-286
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Attenuation of {micro}-Opioid Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance by the Competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist LY235959 Is Related to Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance Magnitude.

R. M. Allen and L. A. Dykstra (2000)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295, 1012-1021
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

The Effect of Ketamine on Opioid-Induced Acute Tolerance: Can It Explain Reduction of Opioid Consumption with Ketamine-Opioid Analgesic Combinations?.

I. Kissin, C. A. Bright, and E. L. Bradley Jr. (2000)
Anesth. Analg. 91, 1483-1488
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Analgesic Synergy between Topical Lidocaine and Topical Opioids.

Y. A. Kolesnikov, I. Chereshnev, and G. W. Pasternak (2000)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295, 546-551
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Intrathecal cyclooxygenase inhibitor administration attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats.

C. -S. Wong, M. -M. Hsu, R. Chou, Y. -Y. Chou, and C. -S. Tung (2000)
Br. J. Anaesth. 85, 747-751
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Enhanced Spinal Nociceptin Receptor Expression Develops Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

H. Ueda, M. Inoue, H. Takeshima, and Y. Iwasawa (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 7640-7647
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Morphine tolerance increases [3H]MK-801 binding affinity and constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in rat spinal cord.

C.-S. Wong, M.-M. Hsu, Y.-Y. Chou, P.-L. Tao, and C.-S. Tung (2000)
Br. J. Anaesth. 85, 587-591
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Dynorphin Promotes Abnormal Pain and Spinal Opioid Antinociceptive Tolerance.

T. W. Vanderah, L. R. Gardell, S. E. Burgess, M. Ibrahim, A. Dogrul, C.-M. Zhong, E.-T. Zhang, T. P. Malan Jr, M. H. Ossipov, J. Lai, et al. (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 7074-7079
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Agmatine reverses pain induced by inflammation, neuropathy, and spinal cord injury.

C. A. Fairbanks, K. L. Schreiber, K. L. Brewer, C.-G. Yu, L. S. Stone, K. F. Kitto, H. O. Nguyen, B. M. Grocholski, D. W. Shoeman, L. J. Kehl, et al. (2000)
PNAS 97, 10584-10589
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Acute Tolerance to Continuously Infused Alfentanil: The Role of Cholecystokinin and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Nitric Oxide Systems.

I. Kissin, C. A. Bright, and E. L. Bradley Jr. (2000)
Anesth. Analg. 91, 110-116
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Spinal Coadministration of Ketamine Reduces the Development of Tolerance to Visceral As Well As Somatic Antinociception During Spinal Morphine Infusion.

H. Miyamoto, Y. Saito, Y. Kirihara, K. Hara, S. Sakura, and Y. Kosaka (2000)
Anesth. Analg. 90, 136
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chronic Morphine Treatment Alters NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens.

G. Martin, S. H. Ahmed, T. Blank, J. Spiess, G. F. Koob, and G. R. Siggins (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 9081-9089
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions.

D. J. Mayer, J. Mao, J. Holt, and D. D. Price (1999)
PNAS 96, 7731-7736
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists and the Development of Tolerance to the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Morphine in Rats.

A. Yu. Bespalov, R. L. Balster, and P. M. Beardsley (1999)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290, 20-27
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Inhibition of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in Rat Hippocampus Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Dependence.

G.-H. Fan, L.-Z. Wang, H.-C. Qiu, L. Ma, and G. Pei (1999)
Mol. Pharmacol. 56, 39-45
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Spinal Antinociceptive Synergism between Morphine and Clonidine Persists in Mice Made Acutely or Chronically Tolerant to Morphine.

C. A. Fairbanks and G. L. Wilcox (1999)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 1107-1116
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Chronic Morphine Treatment Selectively Augments Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Induced Inhibition of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission in Nucleus Accumbens.

G. Martin, R. Przewlocki, and G. R. Siggins (1999)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 30-35
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Glycine and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors: Physiological Significance and Possible Therapeutic Applications.

W. Danysz and C. G. Parsons (1998)
Pharmacol. Rev. 50, 597-664
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Cotreatment with Racemic Fenfluramine Inhibits the Development of Tolerance to Morphine Analgesia in Rats.

R. H. Arends, T. G. Hayashi, T. J. Luger, and D. D. Shen (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 585-592
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Attenuates Opioid Receptor-Mediated G Protein Activation and This Process Involves Protein Kinase C.

G.-H. Fan, J. Zhao, Y.-L. Wu, L.-G. Lou, Z. Zhang, Q. Jing, L. Ma, and G. Pei (1998)
Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 684-690
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Lack of Morphine and Enkephalin Tolerance in 129/SvEv Mice: Evidence for a NMDA Receptor Defect.

Y. Kolesnikov, S. Jain, R. Wilson, and G. W. Pasternak (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284, 455-459
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Repetitive Opioid Abstinence Causes Progressive Hyperalgesia Sensitive to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Blockade in the Rat.

S. A. Dunbar and I. J. Pulai (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284, 678-686
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

The Nitric Oxide/Cyclic GMP System at the Supraspinal Site Is Involved in the Development of Acute Morphine Antinociceptive Tolerance,.

J. Y. Xu, K. P. Hill, and J. M. Bidlack (1998)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284, 196-201
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

GR89,696 Is a Kappa-2 Opioid Receptor Agonist and a Kappa-1 Opioid Receptor Antagonist in the Guinea Pig Hippocampus.

R. M. Caudle, A. J. Mannes, and M. J. Iadarola (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283, 1342-1349
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Nor-binaltorphimine Precipitates Withdrawal and Excitatory Amino Acid Release in the Locus Ceruleus of Butorphanol---but Not Morphine-Dependent Rats.

Y. Feng, R. W. Rockhold, and I. K. Ho (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283, 932-938
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Systemic Morphine-Induced Fos Protein in the Rat Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens Is Regulated by µ Opioid Receptors in the Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area.

B. Bontempi and F. R. Sharp (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 8596-8612
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Intravenous Morphine Increases Release of Nitric Oxide From Spinal Cord by an alpha -Adrenergic and Cholinergic Mechanism.

Z. Xu, C. Tong, H.-L. Pan, S. E. Cerda, and J. C. Eisenach (1997)
J Neurophysiol 78, 2072-2078
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Acute Tolerance To Spinally Administered Morphine Compares Mechanistically with Chronically Induced Morphine Tolerance.

C. A. Fairbanks and G. L. Wilcox (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282, 1408-1417
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Functionally differentiating two neuronal nitric oxide synthase isoforms through antisense mapping: Evidence for opposing NO actions on morphine analgesia and tolerance.

Y. A. Kolesnikov, Y.-X. Pan, A.-M. Babey, S. Jain, R. Wilson, and G. W. Pasternak (1997)
PNAS 94, 8220-8225
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

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S. A. Dunbar and T. L. Yaksh (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281, 1219-1225
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Pharmacodynamics and Tolerance Development During Multiple Intravenous Bolus Morphine Administration in Rats.

D. M.-C. Ouellet and G. M. Pollack (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281, 713-720
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Kappa Opioid Receptor Tolerance in the Guinea Pig Hippocampus.

W. Jin, G. W. Terman, and C. Chavkin (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281, 123-128
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Activation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Attenuates Acute Responsiveness of delta -Opioid Receptors.

Y.-C. Cai, L. Ma, G.-H. Fan, J. Zhao, L.-Z. Jiang, and G. Pei (1997)
Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 583-587
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

DynorphinA-(2-17) Restores Spinal/Supraspinal Morphine Synergy in Morphine-Tolerant Mice.

L. He and N. M. Lee (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280, 1210-1214
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Inhibition of Reinforcing Effects of Morphine and Motivational Aspects of Naloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal by N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist, Memantine.

P. Popik and W. Danysz (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280, 854-865
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

The NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (M K801) attenuates tolerance to nicotine in rats.

M. Shoaib and I. P. Stolerman (1996)
J Psychopharmacol 10, 214-218
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

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