Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 15 June 1990:
Vol. 248. no. 4961, pp. 1349 - 1356
DOI: 10.1126/science.2113314
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 248, Issue 4961, 1349-1356
Copyright © 1990 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy

RH Schwartz

Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.

T lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens both by producing protein effector molecules known as lymphokines and by multiplying. Complete activation requires two signaling events, one through the antigen-specific receptor and one through the receptor for a costimulatory molecule. In the absence of the latter signal, the T cell makes only a partial response and, more importantly, enters an unresponsive state known as clonal anergy in which the T cell is incapable of producing its own growth hormone, interleukin-2, on restimulation. Our current understanding at the molecular level of this modulatory process and its relevance to T cell tolerance are reviewed.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Activation of T Cells: Releasing the Brakes by Proteolytic Elimination of Cbl-b.
M. L. Schmitz (2009)
Science Signaling 2, pe38
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PD-1-Mediated Suppression of IL-2 Production Induces CD8+ T Cell Anergy In Vivo.
S. Chikuma, S. Terawaki, T. Hayashi, R. Nabeshima, T. Yoshida, S. Shibayama, T. Okazaki, and T. Honjo (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 6682-6689
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen-independent adhesion and cell spreading by inducible costimulator engagement inhibits T cell migration in a PI-3K-dependent manner.
J. L. Franko and A. D. Levine (2009)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 85, 526-538
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTLA-4 Blockade with Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Metastatic Cancer: Surgical Issues.
G. Q. Phan, J. S. Weber, and V. K. Sondak (2008)
Ann. Surg. Oncol. 15, 3014-3021
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Cytomegalovirus Differentially Controls B Cell and T Cell Responses through Effects on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells.
S. Varani, M. Cederarv, S. Feld, C. Tammik, G. Frascaroli, M. P. Landini, and C. Soderberg-Naucler (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 7767-7776
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effective Proliferation of Human Regulatory T Cells Requires a Strong Costimulatory CD28 Signal That Cannot Be Substituted by IL-2.
A. A. Hombach, D. Kofler, A. Hombach, G. Rappl, and H. Abken (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 7924-7931
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Co-stimulation with 4-1BB ligand allows extended T-cell proliferation, synergizes with CD80/CD86 and can reactivate anergic T cells.
M. Habib-Agahi, T. T. Phan, and P. F. Searle (2007)
Int. Immunol. 19, 1383-1394
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulation of CD4 co-receptor limits spontaneous autoimmunity when high-affinity transgenic TCR specific for self-antigen is expressed on a genetically resistant background.
Z. Illes, H. Waldner, J. Reddy, A. C. Anderson, R. A. Sobel, and V. K. Kuchroo (2007)
Int. Immunol. 19, 1235-1248
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cells from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Disease-Resistant Sooty Mangabeys Produce More IL-2 Than Cells from Disease-Susceptible Species: Involvement of p300 and CREB at the Proximal IL-2 Promoter in IL-2 Up-Regulation.
P. Bostik, E. S. Noble, S. T. Stephenson, F. Villinger, and A. A. Ansari (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 7720-7729
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Legionella pneumophila Infection Up-Regulates Dendritic Cell Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)/TLR4 Expression and Key Maturation Markers.
J. Rogers, A. Hakki, I. Perkins, C. Newton, R. Widen, N. Burdash, T. Klein, and H. Friedman (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 3205-3208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Aberrant Regulation of Synovial T Cell Activation by Soluble Costimulatory Molecules in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
B. Wan, H. Nie, A. Liu, G. Feng, D. He, R. Xu, Q. Zhang, C. Dong, and J. Z. Zhang (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 8844-8850
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modulatory Role of DR4- to DQ8-restricted CD4 T-Cell Responses and Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility.
X. Ge, J. D. Piganelli, H. M. Tse, S. Bertera, C. E. Mathews, M. Trucco, L. Wen, and W. A. Rudert (2006)
Diabetes 55, 3455-3462
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amelioration of Mercury-Induced Autoimmunity by 4-1BB.
D. S. Vinay, J. D. Kim, and B. S. Kwon (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 5708-5717
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of T cell homing by down-regulation of CD62L and the induction of a Th-2 response as a method to prevent acute allograft rejection in mice..
C. Stremmel, W. Sienel, S. Eggeling, B. Passlick, and A. Slavin (2006)
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 30, 362-369
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ligation of CD28 by Its Natural Ligand CD86 in the Absence of TCR Stimulation Induces Lipid Raft Polarization in Human CD4 T Cells.
B. Kovacs, R. V. Parry, Z. Ma, E. Fan, D. K. Shivers, B. A. Freiberg, A. K. Thomas, R. Rutherford, C. A. Rumbley, J. L. Riley, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 7848-7854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Regression and Autoimmunity in Patients Treated With Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 Blockade and Interleukin 2: A Phase I/II Study.
A. V. Maker, G. Q. Phan, P. Attia, J. C. Yang, R. M. Sherry, S. L. Topalian, U. S. Kammula, R. E. Royal, L. R. Haworth, C. Levy, et al. (2005)
Ann. Surg. Oncol. 12, 1005-1016
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Autoimmunity Correlates With Tumor Regression in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma Treated With Anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4.
P. Attia, G. Q. Phan, A. V. Maker, M. R. Robinson, M. M. Quezado, J. C. Yang, R. M. Sherry, S. L. Topalian, U. S. Kammula, R. E. Royal, et al. (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 6043-6053
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Both Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Can Stimulate Naive CD8 T Cells In Vivo to Proliferate, Develop Effector Function, and Differentiate into Memory Cells.
L.-A. M. Pozzi, J. W. Maciaszek, and K. L. Rock (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 2071-2081
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cell Tolerance Induced by Cross-Reactive TCR Ligands Can Be Broken by Superagonist Resulting in Anti-Inflammatory T Cell Cytokine Production.
Z. Illes, H. Waldner, J. Reddy, E. Bettelli, L. B. Nicholson, and V. K. Kuchroo (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 1491-1497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Influence of the Major Histocompatibility Complex on Development of Autoimmune Diabetes in RIP-B7.1 Mice.
F. S. Wong, W. Du, I. J. Thomas, and L. Wen (2005)
Diabetes 54, 2032-2040
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Plasticity in the positive selection of T cells: affinity of the selecting antigen and IL-7 affect T cell responsiveness.
R. L. Rubin and T. M. Hermanson (2005)
Int. Immunol. 17, 959-971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
BAT mAb induces lymphopoiesis in nude mice.
B. Hardy, Y. Niv, L. Fadaeev, and A. Raiter (2005)
Int. Immunol. 17, 615-619
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Down-regulation of normal human T cell blast activation: roles of APO2L/TRAIL, FasL, and c- FLIP, Bim, or Bcl-x isoform expression.
A. Bosque, J. Pardo, M{a} J. Martinez-Lorenzo, M. Iturralde, I. Marzo, A. Pineiro, M{a} A. Alava, J. Naval, and A. Anel (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 77, 568-578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Role of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/LFA-1 Interactions in the Generation of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses.
S. R. Jenkinson, N. A. Williams, and D. J. Morgan (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 3401-3407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transplantation Tolerance in NF-{kappa}B-Impaired Mice Is Not Due to Regulation but Is Prevented by Transgenic Expression of Bcl-xL.
P. Zhou, S. J. Balin, M. Mashayekhi, K. W. Hwang, D. A. Palucki, and M.-L. Alegre (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 3447-3453
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Influence of CD80, Interleukin-2, and Interleukin-7 Expression in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma on the Expansion, Function, and Survival of Tumor-Specific CTLs.
B. Frankenberger, H. Pohla, E. Noessner, G. Willimsky, B. Papier, A. Pezzutto, J. Kopp, R. Oberneder, T. Blankenstein, and D. J. Schendel (2005)
Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 1733-1742
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Indefinite Survival of Neonatal Porcine Islet Xenografts by Simultaneous Targeting of LFA-1 and CD154 or CD45RB.
G. R. Rayat and R. G. Gill (2005)
Diabetes 54, 443-451
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Embryonic Mouse STO Cell-Derived Xenografts Express Hepatocytic Functions in the Livers of Nonimmunosuppressed Adult Rats.
M. Zhang, B. Joseph, S. Gupta, I. Guest, M. Xu, S. Sell, K.-H. Son, K. S. Koch, and H. L. Leffert (2005)
Stem Cells 23, 186-199
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Control of CD28-Regulated In Vivo Immunity by the E3 Ligase Cbl-b.
C. M. Krawczyk, R. G. Jones, A. Atfield, K. Bachmaier, S. Arya, B. Odermatt, P. S. Ohashi, and J. M. Penninger (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 1472-1478
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of CD28 in Polyclonal and Specific T and B Cell Responses Required for Protection against Blood Stage Malaria.
R. M. Elias, L. R. Sardinha, K. R. B. Bastos, C. A. Zago, A. P. F. da Silva, J. M. Alvarez, and M. R. D. Lima (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 790-799
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
IL-2 Overcomes the Unresponsiveness but Fails to Reverse the Regulatory Function of Antigen-Induced T Regulatory Cells.
P. O. Anderson, A. Sundstedt, Z. Yazici, S. Minaee, R. Woolf, K. Nicolson, N. Whitley, L. Li, S. Li, D. C. Wraith, et al. (2005)
J. Immunol. 174, 310-319
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD63 as an Activation-Linked T Cell Costimulatory Element.
K. Pfistershammer, O. Majdic, J. Stockl, G. Zlabinger, S. Kirchberger, P. Steinberger, and W. Knapp (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 6000-6008
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Adoptive Transfer of Paternal Antigen-Hyporesponsive T Cells Induces Maternal Tolerance to the Allogeneic Fetus in Abortion-Prone Matings.
L.-P. Jin, D.-J. Li, J.-P. Zhang, M.-Y. Wang, X.-Y. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Y. Meng, and M.-M. Yuan (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 3612-3619
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complement Activation Regulates the Capacity of Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell to Stimulate Alloreactive T Cell Response.
K. Li, H. Patel, C. A. Farrar, R. E.G. Hargreaves, S. H. Sacks, and W. Zhou (2004)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 2414-2422
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Naive T Cells Are Resistant to Anergy Induction by Anti-CD3 Antibodies.
F. Andris, S. Denanglaire, F. de Mattia, J. Urbain, and O. Leo (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 3201-3208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selective Cytoplasmic Translocation of HuR and Site-specific Binding to the Interleukin-2 mRNA Are Not Sufficient for CD28-mediated Stabilization of the mRNA.
Y. Seko, H. Azmi, R. Fariss, and J. A. Ragheb (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 33359-33367
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cyclic AMP Modulates the Functional Plasticity of Immature Dendritic Cells by Inhibiting Src-like Kinases through Protein Kinase A-mediated Signaling.
M. Galgani, V. De Rosa, S. De Simone, A. Leonardi, U. D'Oro, G. Napolitani, A. M. Masci, S. Zappacosta, and L. Racioppi (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 32507-32514
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Association of rapamycin and co-stimulation blockade using anti-B7 antibodies in renal allotransplantation in baboons.
G. Boulday, J. Ashton-Chess, P. Bernard, G. Karam, H. Vie, A. Moreau, D. Minault, K. Lorre, J.-P. Soulillou, and G. Blancho (2004)
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19, 1752-1760
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Different Costimulatory and Growth Factor Requirements for CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Rejection.
M. D. Vu, F. Amanullah, Y. Li, G. Demirci, M. H. Sayegh, and X. C. Li (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 214-221
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Artificial antigen-presenting constructs efficiently stimulate minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
L. E. M. Oosten, E. Blokland, A. G. S. van Halteren, J. Curtsinger, M. F. Mescher, J. H. F. Falkenburg, T. Mutis, and E. Goulmy (2004)
Blood 104, 224-226
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirement for Donor and Recipient CD40 Expression in Cardiac Allograft Rejection: Induction of Th1 Responses and Influence of Donor-Derived Dendritic Cells.
M. J. Nathan, J. E. Mold, S. C. Wood, K. Csencsits, G. Lu, E. J. Eichwald, and D. K. Bishop (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 6626-6633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4-CD8 and CD28 Expression in T Cells Infiltrating the Vitreous Fluid in Patients With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Flow Cytometric Analysis.
A. Canton, E. M. Martinez-Caceres, C. Hernandez, C. Espejo, J. Garcia-Arumi, and R. Simo (2004)
Arch Ophthalmol 122, 743-749
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Up-regulation of IL-4 production by the activated cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) pathway in CD3/CD28-stimulated naive T cells.
K. Tokoyoda, K. Tsujikawa, H. Matsushita, Y. Ono, T. Hayashi, Y. Harada, R. Abe, M. Kubo, and H. Yamamoto (2004)
Int. Immunol. 16, 643-653
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cathepsin-Dependent Apoptosis Triggered by Supraoptimal Activation of T Lymphocytes: A Possible Mechanism of High Dose Tolerance.
M.-C. Michallet, F. Saltel, M. Flacher, J.-P. Revillard, and L. Genestier (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 5405-5414
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A deficiency of CD4+ CD25+ T cells permits the development of spontaneous lupus-like disease in mice, and can be reversed by induction of mucosal tolerance to histone peptide autoantigen.
H Y Wu and N A Staines (2004)
Lupus 13, 192-200
   Abstract »    PDF »
Bcl-3 and NF{kappa}B p50-p50 Homodimers Act as Transcriptional Repressors in Tolerant CD4+ T Cells.
S. Grundstrom, P. Anderson, P. Scheipers, and A. Sundstedt (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 8460-8468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dependency of Direct Pathway CD4+ T Cells on CD40-CD154 Costimulation Is Determined by Nature and Microenvironment of Primary Contact with Alloantigen.
A. van Maurik, B. F. de St. Groth, K. J. Wood, and N. D. Jones (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 2163-2170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
B7 Expression on T Cells Down-Regulates Immune Responses through CTLA-4 Ligation via R-T Interactions.
P. A. Taylor, C. J. Lees, S. Fournier, J. P. Allison, A. H. Sharpe, and B. R. Blazar (2004)
J. Immunol. 172, 34-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits Differentiation of Monocytes into Dendritic Cells with the Consequence of Depressed Immunological Functions.
S. Gredmark and C. Soderberg-Naucler (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 10943-10956
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T Cell Costimulatory Molecule Function Determines Susceptibility to Infection with Pneumocystis carinii in Mice.
J. M. Beck, M. B. Blackmon, C. M. Rose, S. L. Kimzey, A. M. Preston, and J. M. Green (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1969-1977
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rat Corneal Allograft Survival Prolonged by the Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B.
Z. Pan, Y. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. Jie, N. Li, and Y. Wu (2003)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 3346-3351
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Protection of Mice against Philadelphia Chromosome-positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Cell-based Vaccination Using Nonviral, Minimalistic Expression Vectors and Immunomodulatory Oligonucleotides.
J. Kochling, S. A. Konig-Merediz, R. Stripecke, D. Buchwald, A. Korte, H. G. von Einsiedel, F. Sack, G. Henze, K. Seeger, B. Wittig, et al. (2003)
Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 3142-3149
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Polyclonal T Cell Responses by an MHC Anchor-Substituted Variant of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein 35-55.
M. L. Ford and B. D. Evavold (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 1247-1254
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma.
G. Q. Phan, J. C. Yang, R. M. Sherry, P. Hwu, S. L. Topalian, D. J. Schwartzentruber, N. P. Restifo, L. R. Haworth, C. A. Seipp, L. J. Freezer, et al. (2003)
PNAS 100, 8372-8377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Thy-1 Signaling in the Context of Costimulation Provided by Dendritic Cells Provides Signal 1 for T Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxic Effector Molecule Expression, but Fails to Trigger Delivery of the Lethal Hit.
S. M. M. Haeryfar, M. M. Al-alwan, J. S. Mader, G. Rowden, K. A. West, and D. W. Hoskin (2003)
J. Immunol. 171, 69-77
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Renders Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Hyporesponsive to Antigen.
K. A. Mitchell and B. P. Lawrence (2003)
Toxicol. Sci. 74, 74-84
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Topological Requirements and Signaling Properties of T Cell-activating, Anti-CD28 Antibody Superagonists.
F. Luhder, Y. Huang, K. M. Dennehy, C. Guntermann, I. Muller, E. Winkler, T. Kerkau, S. Ikemizu, S. J. Davis, T. Hanke, et al. (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 197, 955-966
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+ T Cells Pass Through an Effector Phase During the Process of In Vivo Tolerance Induction.
C.-T. Huang, D. L. Huso, Z. Lu, T. Wang, G. Zhou, E. P. Kennedy, C. G. Drake, D. J. Morgan, L. A. Sherman, A. D. Higgins, et al. (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 3945-3953
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of T Cell Activation and Tolerance by Phospholipase C{gamma}-1-Dependent Integrin Avidity Modulation.
A. D. Wells, Q.-H. Liu, B. Hondowicz, J. Zhang, L. A. Turka, and B. D. Freedman (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 4127-4133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vav-1 and the IKK{alpha} Subunit of I{kappa}B Kinase Functionally Associate to Induce NF-{kappa}B Activation in Response to CD28 Engagement.
E. Piccolella, F. Spadaro, C. Ramoni, B. Marinari, A. Costanzo, M. Levrero, L. Thomson, R. T. Abraham, and L. Tuosto (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 2895-2903
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Blockade of CD40-Mediated Signaling Is Sufficient for Inducing Islet But Not Skin Transplantation Tolerance.
N. E. Phillips, T. G. Markees, J. P. Mordes, D. L. Greiner, and A. A. Rossini (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 3015-3023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Clinical advances in therapies targeting the interleukin-2 receptor.
A.C. Church (2003)
QJM 96, 91-102
   Full Text »    PDF »
Transfer of TCR Genes into Mature T Cells Is Accompanied by the Maintenance of Parental T Cell Avidity.
M. P. Rubinstein, A. N. Kadima, M. L. Salem, C. L. Nguyen, W. E. Gillanders, M. I. Nishimura, and D. J. Cole (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 1209-1217
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Normal Tissue Depresses While Tumor Tissue Enhances Human T Cell Responses In Vivo to a Novel Self/Tumor Melanoma Antigen, OA1.
C. E. Touloukian, W. W. Leitner, R. E. Schnur, P. F. Robbins, Y. Li, S. Southwood, A. Sette, S. A. Rosenberg, and N. P. Restifo (2003)
J. Immunol. 170, 1579-1585
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD28 Costimulation Is Required for In Vivo Induction of Peripheral Tolerance in CD8 T Cells.
M. S. Vacchio and R. J. Hodes (2003)
J. Exp. Med. 197, 19-26
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Programmed Death 1 Ligands by Murine T Cells and APC.
T. Yamazaki, H. Akiba, H. Iwai, H. Matsuda, M. Aoki, Y. Tanno, T. Shin, H. Tsuchiya, D. M. Pardoll, K. Okumura, et al. (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 5538-5545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chimeric Co-stimulatory Molecules That Selectively Act through CD28 or CTLA-4 on Human T Cells.
S. Lazetic, S. R. Leong, J. C-C. Chang, R. Ong, G. Dawes, and J. Punnonen (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 38660-38668
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Novel Costimulation Pathway Via the 4C8 Antigen for the Induction of CD4+ Regulatory T Cells.
J.-i. Masuyama, S. Kaga, S. Kano, and S. Minota (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 3710-3716
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Poststimulation Program of CD4 Versus CD8 T Cells (Death Versus Activation-Induced Nonresponsiveness).
E. L. Tham and M. F. Mescher (2002)
J. Immunol. 169, 1822-1828
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cancer Vaccines.
I. Espinoza-Delgado (2002)
Oncologist 7, 20-33
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Renal Tubular Epithelial Expression of the Costimulatory Molecule B7RP-1 (Inducible Costimulator Ligand).
P. Wahl, R. Schoop, G. Bilic, J. Neuweiler, M. Le Hir, S. K. Yoshinaga, and R. P. Wuthrich (2002)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1517-1526
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tolerance induction of alloreactive T cells via ex vivo blockade of the CD40:CD40L costimulatory pathway results in the generation of a potent immune regulatory cell.
P. A. Taylor, T. M. Friedman, R. Korngold, R. J. Noelle, and B. R. Blazar (2002)
Blood 99, 4601-4609
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antigen challenge leads to in vivo activation and elimination of highly polarized TH1 memory T cells.
N. Hayashi, D. Liu, B. Min, S. Z. Ben-Sasson, and W. E. Paul (2002)
PNAS 99, 6187-6191
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Abnormal Priming of CD4+ T Cells by Dendritic Cells Expressing Hepatitis C Virus Core and E1 Proteins.
P. Sarobe, J. J. Lasarte, N. Casares, A. Lopez-Diaz de Cerio, E. Baixeras, P. Labarga, N. Garcia, F. Borras-Cuesta, and J. Prieto (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 5062-5070
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Differential Contribution of CD28 Versus Non-CD28 Costimulatory Molecules to IL-2 Promoter Activation.
X.-Y. Zhou, Y. Yashiro-Ohtani, M. Nakahira, W. R. Park, R. Abe, T. Hamaoka, M. Naramura, H. Gu, and H. Fujiwara (2002)
J. Immunol. 168, 3847-3854
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effect of Administration of CTLA4-Ig as Protein or cDNA on Corneal Allograft Survival.
R. M. Comer, W. J. King, N. Ardjomand, S. Theoharis, A. J. T. George, and D. F. P. Larkin (2002)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 1095-1103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD40-expressing Carcinoma Cells Induce Down-Regulation of CD40 Ligand (CD154) and Impair T-Cell Functions.
R. Batrla, M. Linnebacher, W. Rudy, S. Stumm, D. Wallwiener, and B. Guckel (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 2052-2057
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Growth Enhances Cross-Presentation Leading to Limited T Cell Activation without Tolerance.
L. T. Nguyen, A. R. Elford, K. Murakami, K. M. Garza, S. P. Schoenberger, B. Odermatt, D. E. Speiser, and P. S. Ohashi (2002)
J. Exp. Med. 195, 423-435
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Peripheral Tolerance to a Nuclear Autoantigen: Dendritic Cells Expressing a Nuclear Autoantigen Lead to Persistent Anergic State of CD4+ Autoreactive T Cells After Proliferation.
K. Kawahata, Y. Misaki, M. Yamauchi, S. Tsunekawa, K. Setoguchi, J.-i. Miyazaki, and K. Yamamoto (2002)
J. Immunol. 168, 1103-1112
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of tolerance in autoimmune diseases by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: getting closer to a cure?.
R. K. Burt, S. Slavin, W. H. Burns, and A. M. Marmont (2002)
Blood 99, 768-784
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CTLA4-IgG Reverses Asthma Manifestations in a Mild but Not in a More ""Severe"" Ongoing Murine Model.
D. T. Deurloo, B. C.A.M. van Esch, C. L. Hofstra, F. P. Nijkamp, and A. J.M. van Oosterhout (2001)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25, 751-760
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Norepinephrine and beta 2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Regulate CD4+ T and B Lymphocyte Function in Vitro and in Vivo.
A. P. Kohm and V. M. Sanders (2001)
Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 487-525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differential Role of CD80 and CD86 Molecules in the Induction and the Effector Phases of Allergic Rhinitis in Mice.
M. OKANO, M. AZUMA, T. YOSHINO, H. HATTORI, M. NAKADA, A. R. SATOSKAR, D. A. HARN Jr, E. NAKAYAMA, T. AKAGI, and K. NISHIZAKI (2001)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 1501-1507
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of CD47 in the Induction of Human Naive T Cell Anergy.
M.-N. Avice, M. Rubio, M. Sergerie, G. Delespesse, and M. Sarfati (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 2459-2468
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Longevity of Antigen Presentation and Activation Status of APC Are Decisive Factors in the Balance Between CTL Immunity Versus Tolerance.
A. Th. den Boer, L. Diehl, G. J. D. van Mierlo, E. I. H. van der Voort, M. F. Fransen, P. Krimpenfort, C. J. M. Melief, R. Offringa, and R. E. M. Toes (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 2522-2528
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Signaling Alterations in Activation-Induced Nonresponsive CD8 T Cells.
E. L. Tham and M. F. Mescher (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 2040-2048
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rejection of Mouse Cardiac Allografts by Costimulation in trans.
D. A. Mandelbrot23, K. Kishimoto, H. Auchincloss Jr., A. H. Sharpe, and M. H. Sayegh (2001)
J. Immunol. 167, 1174-1178
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Art of the Probable: System Control in the Adaptive Immune System.
R. N. Germain (2001)
Science 293, 240-245
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Ex Vivo Isolation and Characterization of CD4+CD25+ T Cells with Regulatory Properties from Human Blood.
D. Dieckmann, H. Plottner, S. Berchtold, T. Berger, and G. Schuler (2001)
J. Exp. Med. 193, 1303-1310
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD4+CD25+ Immune Regulatory Cells Are Required for Induction of Tolerance to Alloantigen via Costimulatory Blockade.
P. A. Taylor, R. J. Noelle, and B. R. Blazar (2001)
J. Exp. Med. 193, 1311-1318
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
T cell activation up-regulates cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases 8A1 and 7A3.
N. A. Glavas, C. Ostenson, J. B. Schaefer, V. Vasta, and J. A. Beavo (2001)
PNAS 98, 6319-6324
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
CD28 and CTLA4 Coordinately Regulate Airway Inflammatory Cell Recruitment and T-Helper Cell Differentiation after Inhaled Allergen.
J. S. Burr, S. L. Kimzey, D. R. Randolph, and J. M. Green (2001)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 24, 563-568
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Glandular and extraglandular expression of costimulatory molecules in patients with Sjogren's syndrome.
R Matsumura, K Umemiya, T Goto, T Nakazawa, M Kagami, H Tomioka, E Tanabe, T Sugiyama, and M Sueishi (2001)
Ann Rheum Dis 60, 473-482
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multiple co-stimulatory signals are required for triggering proliferation of T cells from human secondary lymphoid tissue.
S. G. Agrawal, J. Marquet, J. Plumas, H. Rouard, M.-H. Delfau-Larue, P. Gaulard, L. Boumsell, F. Reyes, A. Bensussan, and J.-P. Farcet (2001)
Int. Immunol. 13, 441-450
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular motors involved in T cell receptor clusterings.
C. Krawczyk and J. M. Penninger (2001)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 317-330
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Prolonged Islet Graft Survival in NOD Mice by Blockade of the CD40-CD154 Pathway of T-Cell Costimulation.
R. D. Molano, T. Berney, H. Li, P. Cattan, A. Pileggi, C. Vizzardelli, N. S. Kenyon, C. Ricordi, L. C. Burkly, and L. Inverardi (2001)
Diabetes 50, 270-276
   Abstract »    Full Text »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)