Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 10 June 1988:
Vol. 240. no. 4858, pp. 1427 - 1435
DOI: 10.1126/science.3287617
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 240, Issue 4858, 1427-1435
Copyright © 1988 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Retroviruses

H Varmus

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.

First brought to scientific attention as infectious cancer-causing agents nearly 80 years ago, retroviruses are popular in contemporary biology for many reasons. (i) The virus life cycle includes several events--in particular, reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into DNA, orderly integration of viral DNA into host chromosomes, and utilization of host mechanisms for gene expression in response to viral signals--which are broadly informative about eukaryotic cells and viruses. (ii) Retroviral oncogenesis usually depends on transduction or insertional activation of cellular genes, and isolation of those genes has provided the scientific community with many of the molecular components now implicated in the control of normal growth and in human cancer. (iii) Retroviruses include many important veterinary pathogens and two recently discovered human pathogens, the causative agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. (iv) Retroviruses are genetic vectors in nature and can be modified to serve as genetic vectors for both experimental and therapeutic purposes. (v) Insertion of retroviral DNA into host chromosomes can be used to mark cell lineages and to make developmental mutants. Progress in these and other areas of retrovirus-related biology has been enormous during the past two decades, but many practical and theoretical problems remain to be solved.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Development of gene therapy for blood disorders.
A. W. Nienhuis (2008)
Blood 111, 4431-4444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleocapsid mutations turn HIV-1 into a DNA-containing virus.
L. Houzet, Z. Morichaud, L. Didierlaurent, D. Muriaux, J.-L. Darlix, and M. Mougel (2008)
Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 2311-2319
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Human RNA "Rumor" Viruses: the Search for Novel Human Retroviruses in Chronic Disease.
C. Voisset, R. A. Weiss, and D. J. Griffiths (2008)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72, 157-196
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional Screen for Genes Responsible for Tamoxifen Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells.
D. Meijer, T. van Agthoven, P. T. Bosma, K. Nooter, and L. C.J. Dorssers (2006)
Mol. Cancer Res. 4, 379-386
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nucleotide modification at the {gamma}-phosphate leads to the improved fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
B. A. Mulder, S. Anaya, P. Yu, K. W. Lee, A. Nguyen, J. Murphy, R. Willson, J. M. Briggs, X. Gao, and S. H. Hardin (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 4865-4873
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Selection of Retroviral Reverse Transcription Primer Is Coordinated with tRNA Biogenesis.
N. J. Kelly, M. T. Palmer, and C. D. Morrow (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 8695-8701
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A New Hybrid System Capable of Efficient Lentiviral Vector Production and Stable Gene Transfer Mediated by a Single Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector.
S. Kubo and K. Mitani (2003)
J. Virol. 77, 2964-2971
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-Linking of the Fingers Subdomain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase to Template-Primer.
E. N. Peletskaya, P. L. Boyer, A. A. Kogon, P. Clark, H. Kroth, J. M. Sayer, D. M. Jerina, and S. H. Hughes (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 9435-9445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Which nef and U3 Sequences Do Not Overlap Replicates Efficiently In Vitro and In Vivo in Rhesus Macaques.
J. Munch, N. Adam, N. Finze, N. Stolte, C. Stahl-Hennig, D. Fuchs, P. Ten Haaft, J. L. Heeney, and F. Kirchhoff (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 8137-8146
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lentivirus-based vectors transduce mouse hematopoietic stem cells with similar efficiency to Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vectors.
S. Barrette, J. L. Douglas, N. E. Seidel, and D. M. Bodine (2000)
Blood 96, 3385-3391
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tempo and Mode of Ty Element Evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
I. K. Jordan and J. F. McDonald (1999)
Genetics 151, 1341-1351
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Sequences Just Upstream of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Core Enhancer Allow Efficient Replication in the Absence of NF-kappa B and Sp1 Binding Elements.
S. Pohlmann, S. Floss, P. O. Ilyinskii, T. Stamminger, and F. Kirchhoff (1998)
J. Virol. 72, 5589-5598
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Human and Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cell Populations Expressing High Levels of mRNA Encoding Retrovirus Receptors.
D. Orlic, L. J. Girard, S. M. Anderson, L. C. Pyle, M. C. Yoder, H. E. Broxmeyer, and D. M. Bodine (1998)
Blood 91, 3247-3254
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transduction of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Adenoviral and Retroviral Vectors.
R. K. Batra, J. C. Olsen, R. J. Pickles, D. K. Hoganson, and R. C. Boucher (1998)
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 18, 402-410
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Enhanced T cell engraftment after retroviral delivery of an antiviral gene in HIV-infected individuals.
U. Ranga, C. Woffendin, S. Verma, L. Xu, C. H. June, D. K. Bishop, and G. J. Nabel (1998)
PNAS 95, 1201-1206
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interactions between Ty1 Retrotransposon RNA and the T and D Regions of the tRNAiMet Primer Are Required for Initiation of Reverse Transcription In Vivo.
S. Friant, T. Heyman, A. S. Byström, M. Wilhelm, and F. X. Wilhelm (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 799-806
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Identification of genes induced by factor deprivation in hematopoietic cells undergoing apoptosis using gene-trap mutagenesis and site-specific recombination.
A. P. Russ, C. Friedel, K. Ballas, U. Kalina, D. Zahn, K. Strebhardt, and H. von Melchner (1996)
PNAS 93, 15279-15284
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tissue-specific targeting of retroviral vectors through ligand-receptor interactions.
N Kasahara, A. Dozy, and Y. Kan (1994)
Science 266, 1373-1376
   Abstract »    PDF »
Gene Therapy for Neurologic Disease.
S. T. Suhr and F. H. Gage (1993)
Arch Neurol 50, 1252-1268
   Abstract »    PDF »
Gene Delivery Systems in Surgery.
H. K. Lyerly and J. M. DiMaio (1993)
Arch Surg 128, 1197-1206
   Abstract »    PDF »
Pathogenesis of Diseases Induced by Human Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection.
P. Hollsberg and D. A. Hafler (1993)
N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1173-1182
   Full Text »
Phosphorodithioate DNA as a potential therapeutic drug.
W. Marshall and M. Caruthers (1993)
Science 259, 1564-1570
   Abstract »    PDF »
Review: Experimental and Clinical Applications of Molecular Cell Biology in Nutrition and Metabolism.
Yuman Fong, L. L. Moldawer, and S. F. Lowry (1992)
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16, 477-486
   Abstract »    PDF »
The role of branchpoint and 3'-exon sequences in the control of balanced splicing of avian retrovirus RNA..
X D Fu, R A Katz, A M Skalka, and T Maniatis (1991)
Genes & Dev. 5, 211-220
   Abstract »    PDF »
Occlusion of the HIV poly(A) site..
C Weichs an der Glon, J Monks, and N J Proudfoot (1991)
Genes & Dev. 5, 244-253
   Abstract »    PDF »
Fetal research.
J. Hansen and J. Sladek Jr (1989)
Science 246, 775-779
   Abstract »    PDF »
Increased expression of DNA cointroduced with nuclear protein in adult rat liver.
Y Kaneda, K Iwai, and T Uchida (1989)
Science 243, 375-378
   Abstract »    PDF »
Retrovirus Molecular Conjugates. A NOVEL, HIGH TRANSDUCTION EFFICIENCY, POTENTIALLY SAFETY-IMPROVED, GENE TRANSFER SYSTEM.
Q. Zhong, J. K. Kolls, and P. Schwarzenberger (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 24601-24607
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)