Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 8 April 1988:
Vol. 240. no. 4849, pp. 177 - 184
DOI: 10.1126/science.2451290

Articles

Science, Vol 240, Issue 4849, 177-184
Copyright © 1988 by American Association for the Advancement of Science


articles

Cell and environment interactions in tumor microregions: the multicell spheroid model

RM Sutherland

Cancer Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642.

Abnormal vascularization of malignant tumors is associated with the development of microregions of heterogeneous cells and environments. Experimental models such as multicell spheroids and a variety of new techniques are being used to determine the characteristics of these microregions and to study the interactions of the cells and microenvironments. The special cellular microecology of tumors influences responsiveness to therapeutic agents and has implications for future directions in cancer research.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Prediction of Drug Response in Breast Cancer Using Integrative Experimental/Computational Modeling.
H. B. Frieboes, M. E. Edgerton, J. P. Fruehauf, F. R.A.J. Rose, L. K. Worrall, R. A. Gatenby, M. Ferrari, and V. Cristini (2009)
Cancer Res. 69, 4484-4492
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Metabolic Stress Induces the Lysosomal Degradation of Neuropilin-1 but Not Neuropilin-2.
D. Bae, S. Lu, C. A. Taglienti, and A. M. Mercurio (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 28074-28080
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting a single mismatched minor histocompatibility antigen with tumor-restricted expression eradicates human solid tumors.
L. Hambach, M. Vermeij, A. Buser, Z. Aghai, T. van der Kwast, and E. Goulmy (2008)
Blood 112, 1844-1852
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Screening for Compounds That Induce Apoptosis of Cancer Cells Grown as Multicellular Spheroids.
R. Herrmann, W. Fayad, S. Schwarz, M. Berndtsson, and S. Linder (2008)
J Biomol Screen 13, 1-8
   Abstract »    PDF »
Evaluation of Poly (Glycerol-Adipate) Nanoparticle Uptake in an In Vitro 3-D Brain Tumor Co-Culture Model.
W. Meng, P. Kallinteri, D. A. Walker, T. L. Parker, and M. C. Garnett (2007)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, 1100-1108
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells.
K. Fischer, P. Hoffmann, S. Voelkl, N. Meidenbauer, J. Ammer, M. Edinger, E. Gottfried, S. Schwarz, G. Rothe, S. Hoves, et al. (2007)
Blood 109, 3812-3819
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidences that Leptin Up-regulates E-Cadherin Expression in Breast Cancer: Effects on Tumor Growth and Progression.
L. Mauro, S. Catalano, G. Bossi, M. Pellegrino, I. Barone, S. Morales, C. Giordano, V. Bartella, I. Casaburi, and S. Ando (2007)
Cancer Res. 67, 3412-3421
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid Generation of Single-Tumor Spheroids for High-Throughput Cell Function and Toxicity Analysis.
A. Ivascu and M. Kubbies (2006)
J Biomol Screen 11, 922-932
   Abstract »    PDF »
Nitroglycerin Treatment May Enhance Chemosensitivity to Docetaxel and Carboplatin in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma..
H. Yasuda, K. Nakayama, M. Watanabe, S. Suzuki, H. Fuji, S. Okinaga, A. Kanda, K. Zayasu, T. Sasaki, M. Asada, et al. (2006)
Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 6748-6757
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of a suicidal gene under control of the human secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) promoter in tumor or stromal cells led to the inhibition of tumor cell growth..
M. V. Lopez, P. Blanco, D. L. Viale, E. G. Cafferata, C. Carbone, D. Gould, Y. Chernajovsky, and O. L. Podhajcer (2006)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 2503-2511
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} and p53 Is a Marker for an Unfavorable Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.
Y. Sumiyoshi, Y. Kakeji, A. Egashira, K. Mizokami, H. Orita, and Y. Maehara (2006)
Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 5112-5117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modelling aspects of cancer dynamics: a review.
H.M Byrne, T Alarcon, M.R Owen, S.D Webb, and P.K Maini (2006)
Phil Trans R Soc A 364, 1563-1578
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor-derived lactic acid modulates dendritic cell activation and antigen expression.
E. Gottfried, L. A. Kunz-Schughart, S. Ebner, W. Mueller-Klieser, S. Hoves, R. Andreesen, A. Mackensen, and M. Kreutz (2006)
Blood 107, 2013-2021
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Randomized Phase II Trial Comparing Nitroglycerin Plus Vinorelbine and Cisplatin With Vinorelbine and Cisplatin Alone in Previously Untreated Stage IIIB/IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
H. Yasuda, M. Yamaya, K. Nakayama, T. Sasaki, S. Ebihara, A. Kanda, M. Asada, D. Inoue, T. Suzuki, T. Okazaki, et al. (2006)
J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 688-694
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Integrated Computational/Experimental Model of Tumor Invasion.
H. B. Frieboes, X. Zheng, C.-H. Sun, B. Tromberg, R. Gatenby, and V. Cristini (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 1597-1604
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Penetration of Anticancer Drugs through Tumor Tissue as a Function of Cellular Adhesion and Packing Density of Tumor Cells.
R. Grantab, S. Sivananthan, and I. F. Tannock (2006)
Cancer Res. 66, 1033-1039
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor by Fibroblast Clustering Directly Promotes Tumor Cell Invasiveness.
E. Kankuri, D. Cholujova, M. Comajova, A. Vaheri, and J. Bizik (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 9914-9922
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Silencing of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Suppresses Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2-Driven VHL-/- Renal Cancer.
K. Smith, L. Gunaratnam, M. Morley, A. Franovic, K. Mekhail, and S. Lee (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 5221-5230
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Epigenetic Aspects of Environmentally Mediated "Multicellular" Drug Resistance.
G. Francia, S. Green, and R. S. Kerbel (2005)
Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book 2005, 114-118
   Full Text »    PDF »
Quantification of Viability in Organotypic Multicellular Spheroids of Human Malignant Glioma using Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity: A Rapid and Reliable Automated Assay.
P. C. De Witt Hamer, A. Jonker, S. Leenstra, J. M. Ruijter, and C. J.F. Van Noorden (2005)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53, 23-34
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Induction of caspase-dependent, p53-mediated apoptosis by apigenin in human neuroblastoma.
R. Torkin, J.-F. Lavoie, D. R. Kaplan, and H. Yeger (2005)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 1-11
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biochemical and Biological Characterization of a Novel Anti-aromatase Coumarin Derivative.
S. Chen, M. Cho, K. Karlsberg, D. Zhou, and Y.-C. Yuan (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 48071-48078
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Antitumor Triazoloacridone C-1305 Is a Topoisomerase II Poison with Unusual Properties.
K. Lemke, V. Poindessous, A. Skladanowski, and A. K. Larsen (2004)
Mol. Pharmacol. 66, 1035-1042
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microregional Effects of Gemcitabine in HCT-116 Xenografts.
L. A. Huxham, A. H. Kyle, J. H. E. Baker, L. K. Nykilchuk, and A. I. Minchinton (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 6537-6541
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Assessment of Drug Penetration into Tissue Using a Novel Application of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture.
A. H. Kyle, L. A. Huxham, A. S. J. Chiam, D. H. Sim, and A. I. Minchinton (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 6304-6309
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gene Expression Analysis of Tumor Spheroids Reveals a Role for Suppressed DNA Mismatch Repair in Multicellular Resistance to Alkylating Agents.
G. Francia, S. Man, B. Teicher, L. Grasso, and R. S. Kerbel (2004)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 6837-6849
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction between Glucose-regulated Destruction Domain of DNA Topoisomerase II{alpha} and MPN Domain of Jab1/CSN5.
J. Yun, A. Tomida, T. Andoh, and T. Tsuruo (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 31296-31303
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alpha-Particle Emitting Atomic Generator (Actinium-225)-Labeled Trastuzumab (Herceptin) Targeting of Breast Cancer Spheroids: Efficacy versus HER2/neu Expression.
A. M. Ballangrud, W.-H. Yang, S. Palm, R. Enmon, P. E. Borchardt, V. A. Pellegrini, M. R. McDevitt, D. A. Scheinberg, and G. Sgouros (2004)
Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 4489-4497
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Use of 3-D Cultures for High-Throughput Screening: The Multicellular Spheroid Model.
L. A. Kunz-Schughart, J. P. Freyer, F. Hofstaedter, and R. Ebner (2004)
J Biomol Screen 9, 273-285
   Abstract »    PDF »
Maximal apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is nuclear factor-{kappa}B dependent.
J. An, Y. Sun, M. Fisher, and M. B. Rettig (2004)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 727-736
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Down-Regulation and Altered Localization of {gamma}-Catenin in Cisplatin-Resistant Adenocarcinoma Cells.
X.-J. Liang, D.-W. Shen, and M. M. Gottesman (2004)
Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 1217-1224
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Microenvironmental Regulation of Proliferation in Multicellular Spheroids Is Mediated through Differential Expression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors.
K. E. A. LaRue, M. Khalil, and J. P. Freyer (2004)
Cancer Res. 64, 1621-1631
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antiadhesive antibodies targeting E-cadherin sensitize multicellular tumor spheroids to chemotherapy in vitro.
S. K. Green, G. Francia, C. Isidoro, and R. S. Kerbel (2004)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 149-159
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Down-regulation of Sp1 Activity through Modulation of O-Glycosylation by Treatment with a Low Glucose Mimetic, 2-Deoxyglucose.
H. T. Kang, J. W. Ju, J. W. Cho, and E. S. Hwang (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 51223-51231
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Drug Interactions between the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib and Cytotoxic Chemotherapy, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) {alpha}, and TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand in Prostate Cancer.
J. An, Y.-P. Sun, J. Adams, M. Fisher, A. Belldegrun, and M. B. Rettig (2003)
Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 4537-4545
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor Distribution of Bromodeoxyuridine-labeled Cells Is Strongly Dose Dependent.
A. H. Kyle, L. A. Huxham, J. H. E. Baker, H. E. Burston, and A. I. Minchinton (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 5707-5711
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sparse Initial Entrapment of Systemically Injected Salmonella typhimurium Leads to Heterogeneous Accumulation within Tumors.
N. S. Forbes, L. L. Munn, D. Fukumura, and R. K. Jain (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 5188-5193
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Three-Dimensional Tumor Cell Defect in Activating Autologous CTLs Is Associated with Inefficient Antigen Presentation Correlated with Heat Shock Protein-70 Down-Regulation.
V. Dangles-Marie, S. Richon, M. El Behi, H. Echchakir, G. Dorothee, J. Thiery, P. Validire, I. Vergnon, J. Menez, M. Ladjimi, et al. (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 3682-3687
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Theoretical Analysis of Antibody Targeting of Tumor Spheroids: Importance of Dosage for Penetration, and Affinity for Retention.
C. P. Graff and K. D. Wittrup (2003)
Cancer Res. 63, 1288-1296
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dose dependence of the growth rate of multicellular tumour spheroids after irradiation.
D Guirado, M Aranda, M Vilches, M Villalobos, and A M Lallena (2003)
Br. J. Radiol. 76, 109-116
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Inhibition of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Sensitizes U87 Xenografts to Fractionated Radiation Therapy.
J. S. Eshleman, B. L. Carlson, A. C. Mladek, B. D. Kastner, K. L. Shide, and J. N. Sarkaria (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 7291-7297
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Antitumor Activity of SS(dsFv)PE38 and SS1(dsFv)PE38, Recombinant Antimesothelin Immunotoxins against Human Gynecologic Cancers Grown in Organotypic Culture in Vitro.
R. Hassan, M. R. Lerner, D. Benbrook, S. A. Lightfoot, D. J. Brackett, Q.-C. Wang, and I. Pastan (2002)
Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3520-3526
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The DC electrical-field-induced Ca2+ response and growth stimulation of multicellular tumor spheroids are mediated by ATP release and purinergic receptor stimulation.
H. Sauer, R. Stanelle, J. Hescheler, and M. Wartenberg (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 3265-3273
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Efficient and Selective Gene Transfer into Primary Human Brain Tumors by Using Single-Chain Antibody-Targeted Adenoviral Vectors with Native Tropism Abolished.
V. W. van Beusechem, J. Grill, D. C. J. Mastenbroek, T. J. Wickham, P. W. Roelvink, H. J. Haisma, M. L. M. Lamfers, C. M. F. Dirven, H. M. Pinedo, and W. R. Gerritsen (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 2753-2762
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Noninvasive Imaging of Tumor Redox Status and Its Modification by Tissue Glutathione Levels.
P. Kuppusamy, H. Li, G. Ilangovan, A. J. Cardounel, J. L. Zweier, K. Yamada, M. C. Krishna, and J. B. Mitchell (2002)
Cancer Res. 62, 307-312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Differences in Therapeutic Indexes of Combination Metronomic Chemotherapy and an Anti-VEGFR-2 Antibody in Multidrug-resistant Human Breast Cancer Xenografts.
G. Klement, P. Huang, B. Mayer, S. K. Green, S. Man, P. Bohlen, D. Hicklin, and R. S. Kerbel (2002)
Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 221-232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Chemosensitivity in Cancer Cells.
N. E. Matthews, M. A. Adams, L. R. Maxwell, T. E. Gofton, and C. H. Graham (2001)
J Natl Cancer Inst 93, 1879-1885
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
{beta}1-Integrins Regulate the Formation and Adhesion of Ovarian Carcinoma Multicellular Spheroids.
R. C. Casey, K. M. Burleson, K. M. Skubitz, S. E. Pambuccian, T. R. Oegema Jr., L. E. Ruff, and A. P. N. Skubitz (2001)
Am. J. Pathol. 159, 2071-2080
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Monocyte differentiation in intestine-like macrophage phenotype induced by epithelial cells.
T. Spottl, M. Hausmann, M. Kreutz, A. Peuker, D. Vogl, J. Scholmerich, W. Falk, R. Andreesen, T. Andus, H. Herfarth, et al. (2001)
J. Leukoc. Biol. 70, 241-251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tumor-induced angiogenesis studied in confrontation cultures of multicellular tumor spheroids and embryoid bodies grown from pluripotent embryonic stem cells.
M. WARTENBERG, F. DONMEZ, F. C. LING, H. ACKER, J. HESCHELER, and H. SAUER (2001)
FASEB J 15, 995-1005
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p53 and p21waf-1 Expression Correlates with Apoptosis or Cell Survival in Poorly Differentiated, but not Well-Differentiated, Retinoblastomas.
A. Divan, J. Lawry, I. R. Dunsmore, M. A. Parsons, and J. A. Royds (2001)
Cancer Res. 61, 3157-3163
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Response of LNCaP Spheroids after Treatment with an {{alpha}}-Particle Emitter (213Bi)-labeled Anti-Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Antibody (J591).
A. M. Ballangrud, W.-H. Yang, D. E. Charlton, M. R. McDevitt, K. A. Hamacher, K. S. Panageas, D. Ma, N. H. Bander, D. A. Scheinberg, and G. Sgouros (2001)
Cancer Res. 61, 2008-2014
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Lack of Multicellular Drug Resistance Observed in Human Ovarian and Prostate Carcinoma Treated with the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341.
A. Frankel, S. Man, P. Elliott, J. Adams, and R. S. Kerbel (2000)
Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 3719-3728
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Proteasome Inhibition Circumvents Solid Tumor Resistance to Topoisomerase II-directed Drugs.
Y. Ogiso, A. Tomida, S. Lei, S. Oura, and T. Tsuruo (2000)
Cancer Res. 60, 2429-2434
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Metabolic Imaging in Multicellular Spheroids of Oncogene-transfected Fibroblasts.
S. Walenta, J. Doetsch, W. Mueller–Klieser, and L. A. Kunz–Schughart (2000)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48, 509-522
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Proliferative activity and tumorigenic conversion: impact on cellular metabolism in 3-D culture.
L. A. Kunz-Schughart, J. Doetsch, W. Mueller-Klieser, and K. Groebe (2000)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278, C765-C780
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Methylation Patterns of the E-cadherin 5' CpG Island Are Unstable and Reflect the Dynamic, Heterogeneous Loss of E-cadherin Expression during Metastatic Progression.
J. R. Graff, E. Gabrielson, H. Fujii, S. B. Baylin, and J. G. Herman (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 2727-2732
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
p21WAF1 Regulates Anchorage-independent Growth of HCT116 Colon Carcinoma Cells via E-Cadherin Expression.
S. Mueller, E. Cadenas, and A. H. Schönthal (2000)
Cancer Res. 60, 156-163
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Egr-1 Mediates Transcriptional Activation of IGF-II Gene in Response to Hypoxia.
S.-K. Bae, M.-H. Bae, M.-Y. Ahn, M. J. Son, Y. M. Lee, M.-K. Bae, O.-H. Lee, B. C. Park, and K.-W. Kim (1999)
Cancer Res. 59, 5989-5994
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Apoptosis Induction of Human Lung Cancer Cell Line in Multicellular Heterospheroids with Humanized Antiganglioside GM2 Monoclonal Antibody.
K. Nakamura, M. Hanibuchi, S. Yano, Y. Tanaka, I. Fujino, M. Inoue, T. Takezawa, K. Shitara, S. Sone, and N. Hanai (1999)
Cancer Res. 59, 5323-5330
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Understanding Barriers to Drug Delivery: High Resolution in Vivo Imaging Is Key.
R. K. Jain (1999)
Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 1605-1606
   Full Text »    PDF »
Doxorubicin Gradients in Human Breast Cancer.
J. Lankelma, H. Dekker, R. Fernandez Luque, S. Luykx, K. Hoekman, P. v. d. Valk, P. J. van Diest, and H. M. Pinedo (1999)
Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 1703-1707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Growth of Human Tumor Cells in Macroporous Microcarriers Results in p53-Independent, Decreased Cisplatin Sensitivity Relative to Monolayers.
B. J. Maurer, M. A. Ihnat, C. Morgan, J. Pullman, C. O'Brien, S. W. Johnson, J. S. Rasey, and M. M. Cornwell (1999)
Mol. Pharmacol. 55, 938-947
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Ion transport in epithelial spheroids derived from human airway cells.
P. S. Pedersen, O. Frederiksen, N.-H. Holstein-Rathlou, P. L. Larsen, and K. Qvortrup (1999)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 276, L75-L80
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Integration of Endothelial Cells in Multicellular Spheroids Prevents Apoptosis and Induces Differentiation.
T. Korff and H. G. Augustin (1998)
J. Cell Biol. 143, 1341-1352
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complement-Mediated Killing of Microtumors in Vitro.
J. Hakulinen and S. Meri (1998)
Am. J. Pathol. 153, 845-855
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Loss of ovarian function promotes angiogenesis in human ovarian carcinoma.
Y. S. Schiffenbauer, R. Abramovitch, G. Meir, N. Nevo, M. Holzinger, A. Itin, E. Keshet, and M. Neeman (1997)
PNAS 94, 13203-13208
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Mitochondrial function in oncogene-transfected rat fibroblasts isolated from multicellular spheroids.
L. A. Kunz-Schughart, R. C. Habbersett, and J. P. Freyer (1997)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 273, C1487-C1495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Three-dimensional cell cultures: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications.
W. Mueller-Klieser (1997)
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 273, C1109-C1123
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 Mediates Transcriptional Activation of the Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene in Response to Hypoxia.
P. J. Lee, B.-H. Jiang, B. Y. Chin, N. V. Iyer, J. Alam, G. L. Semenza, and A. M.K. Choi (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 5375-5381
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sponge-Gel-Supported Histoculture Drug-Response Assay for Head and Neck Cancer: Correlations With Clinical Response to Cisplatin.
K. T. Robbins, K. M. Connors, A. M. Storniolo, C. Hanchett, and R. M. Hoffman (1994)
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 120, 288-292
   Abstract »    PDF »
Multicellular Resistance: A New Paradigm to Explain Aspects of Acquired Drug Resistance of Solid Tumors.
R.S. Kerbel, J. Rak, H. Kobayashi, M.S. Man, B. St. Croix, and C.H. Graham (1994)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 59, 661-672
   Abstract »    PDF »



To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)