Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 19 December 1986:
Vol. 234. no. 4783, pp. 1558 - 1563
DOI: 10.1126/science.2878495
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 234, Issue 4783, 1558-1563
Copyright © 1986 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics

DF Wong, HN Wagner Jr, LE Tune, RF Dannals, GD Pearlson, JM Links, CA Tamminga, EP Broussolle, HT Ravert, AA Wilson, and al. et

In postmortem studies of patients with schizophrenia, D2 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia have been observed to be more numerous than in patients with no history of neurological or psychiatric disease. Because most patients with schizophrenia are treated with neuroleptic drugs that block D2 dopamine receptors in the caudate nucleus, it has been suggested that this increase in the number of receptors is a result of adaptation to these drugs rather than a biochemical abnormality intrinsic to schizophrenia. With positron emission tomography (PET), the D2 dopamine receptor density in the caudate nucleus of living human beings was measured in normal volunteers and in two groups of patients with schizophrenia--one group that had never been treated with neuroleptics and another group that had been treated with these drugs. D2 dopamine receptor densities in the caudate nucleus were higher in both groups of patients than in the normal volunteers. Thus, schizophrenia itself is associated with an increase in brain D2 dopamine receptor density.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Transient and selective overexpression of D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent deficits in conditional associative learning.
M.-E. Bach, E. H. Simpson, L. Kahn, J. J. Marshall, E. R. Kandel, and C. Kellendonk (2008)
PNAS 105, 16027-16032
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular imaging studies of the striatal dopaminergic system in psychosis and predictions for the prodromal phase of psychosis.
O. D. HOWES, A. J. MONTGOMERY, M. ASSELIN, R. M. MURRAY, P. M. GRASBY, and P. K. McGUIRE (2007)
The British Journal of Psychiatry 191, s13-s18
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evidence That the BLOC-1 Protein Dysbindin Modulates Dopamine D2 Receptor Internalization and Signaling But Not D1 Internalization.
Y. Iizuka, Y. Sei, D. R. Weinberger, and R. E. Straub (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 12390-12395
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dopamine Genes and Schizophrenia: Case Closed or Evidence Pending?.
M. E. Talkowski, M. Bamne, H. Mansour, and V. L. Nimgaonkar (2007)
Schizophr Bull 33, 1071-1081
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transient Overexpression of Striatal D2 Receptors Impairs Operant Motivation and Interval Timing.
M. R. Drew, E. H. Simpson, C. Kellendonk, W. G. Herzberg, O. Lipatova, S. Fairhurst, E. R. Kandel, C. Malapani, and P. D. Balsam (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 7731-7739
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Deconstructing Psychosis With Human Brain Imaging.
R. E. Gur, M. S. Keshavan, and S. M. Lawrie (2007)
Schizophr Bull 33, 921-931
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Brain Receptor Imaging.
W.-D. Heiss and K. Herholz (2006)
J. Nucl. Med. 47, 302-312
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
D2 Receptor Occupancy During High- and Low-Dose Therapy with the Atypical Antipsychotic Amisulpride: A 123I-Iodobenzamide SPECT Study.
C. la Fougere, E. Meisenzahl, G. Schmitt, J. Stauss, T. Frodl, K. Tatsch, K. Hahn, H.-J. Moller, and S. Dresel (2005)
J. Nucl. Med. 46, 1028-1033
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Increased Caudate Dopamine D2 Receptor Availability as a Genetic Marker for Schizophrenia.
J. Hirvonen, T. G. M. van Erp, J. Huttunen, S. Aalto, K. Nagren, M. Huttunen, J. Lonnqvist, J. Kaprio, J. Hietala, and T. D. Cannon (2005)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 62, 371-378
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Basal Ganglia High-Energy Phosphate Metabolism in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia: A 31-Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study.
B.N. Gangadhar, P.N. Jayakumar, D.K. Subbakrishna, N. Janakiramaiah, and M.S. Keshavan (2004)
Am J Psychiatry 161, 1304-1306
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Presynaptic Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Positron Emission Tomographic [18F]Fluorodopa Study.
S. McGowan, A. D. Lawrence, T. Sales, D. Quested, and P. Grasby (2004)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 134-142
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia.
S. Miyamoto, A. S. LaMantia, G. E. Duncan, P. Sullivan, J. H. Gilmore, and J. A. Lieberman (2003)
Mol. Interv. 3, 27-39
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia.
S. Kapur (2003)
Am J Psychiatry 160, 13-23
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo Determination of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability in Schizophrenia.
T. J. Raedler, M. B. Knable, D. W. Jones, R. A. Urbina, J. G. Gorey, K. S. Lee, M. F. Egan, R. Coppola, and D. R. Weinberger (2003)
Am J Psychiatry 160, 118-127
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PET Study of the Effects of Valproate on Dopamine D2 Receptors in Neuroleptic- and Mood-Stabilizer-Naive Patients With Nonpsychotic Mania.
L. N. Yatham, P. F. Liddle, R. W. Lam, I-S. Shiah, C. Lane, A. J. Stoessl, V. Sossi, and T. J. Ruth (2002)
Am J Psychiatry 159, 1718-1723
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PET Study of [18F]6-Fluoro-L-Dopa Uptake in Neuroleptic- and Mood-Stabilizer-Naive First-Episode Nonpsychotic Mania: Effects of Treatment With Divalproex Sodium.
L. N. Yatham, P. F. Liddle, I-S. Shiah, R. W. Lam, E. Ngan, G. Scarrow, M. Imperial, J. Stoessl, V. Sossi, and T. J. Ruth (2002)
Am J Psychiatry 159, 768-774
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo Imaging of D2 Dopamine Receptors in Schizophrenia: The Ups and Downs of Neuroimaging Research.
D. F. Wong (2002)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 59, 31-34
   Full Text »    PDF »
CNS Assessment Using Functional Neuro-PET Imaging.
D. L. Laven and E. M. Bednarczyk (2001)
Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, 308-331
   Abstract »    PDF »
From the Cover: Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia.
A. Abi-Dargham, J. Rodenhiser, D. Printz, Y. Zea-Ponce, R. Gil, L. S. Kegeles, R. Weiss, T. B. Cooper, J. J. Mann, R. L. Van Heertum, et al. (2000)
PNAS 97, 8104-8109
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuropharmacology and Receptor Studies in the Elderly.
C. C. Meltzer (1999)
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 12, 137-149
   Abstract »    PDF »
Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies.
M. Laruelle and A. Abi-Dargham (1999)
J Psychopharmacol 13, 358-371
   Abstract »    PDF »
Monoaminergic synapses and schizophrenia: 45 years of neuroleptics.
M. R. Bennett (1998)
J Psychopharmacol 12, 289-304
   Abstract »    PDF »
Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method.
A. Breier, T.-P. Su, R. Saunders, R. E. Carson, B. S. Kolachana, A. de Bartolomeis, D. R. Weinberger, N. Weisenfeld, A. K. Malhotra, W. C. Eckelman, et al. (1997)
PNAS 94, 2569-2574
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dopamine Receptor Subtypes: Differential Regulation after 8 Months Treatment with Antipsychotic Drugs.
W. J. Florijn, F. I. Tarazi, and I. Creese (1997)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280, 561-569
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Local and Distributed Effects of Apomorphine on Fronto-Temporal Function in Acute Unmedicated Schizophrenia.
P. C. Fletcher, C. D. Frith, P. M. Grasby, K. J. Friston, and R. J. Dolan (1996)
J. Neurosci. 16, 7055-7062
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Schizophrenia.
J. M. Kane (1996)
N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 34-42
   Full Text »    PDF »
Striatal D2 Dopamine Receptor Characteristics in Neuroleptic-Naive Schizophrenic Patients Studied With Positron Emission Tomography.
J. Hietala, E. Syvalahti, K. Vuorio, K. Nagren, P. Lehikoinen, U. Ruotsalainen, V. RakkOlainen, V. Lehtinen, and U. Wegelius (1994)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, 116-123
   Abstract »    PDF »
Assessing the Validity of an Animal Model of Deficient Sensorimotor Gating in Schizophrenic Patients.
N. R. Swerdlow, D. L. Braff, N. Taaid, and M. A. Geyer (1994)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, 139-154
   Abstract »    PDF »
Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease: The Dopamine Receptor Story.
P. Seeman (1993)
Arch Neurol 50, 1093-1095
   Abstract »    PDF »
Effect of Age on D2 Dopamine Receptors in Normal Human Brain Measured by Positron Emission Tomography and 11C-Raclopride.
A. Antonini, K. L. Leenders, H. Reist, R. Thomann, H.-F. Beer, and J. Locher (1993)
Arch Neurol 50, 474-480
   Abstract »    PDF »
Exclusion of Linkage Between Schizophrenia and the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene Region of Chromosome 11q in 112 Irish Multiplex Families.
Su Ying, J. Burke, F. A. O'Neill, B. Murphy, L. Nie, B. Kipps, J. Bray, R. Shinkwin, M. N. Nuallain, C. J. MacLean, et al. (1993)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 50, 205-211
   Abstract »    PDF »
Positron-emitting radioligands for studies in vivo-probes for human psychopharmacology.
V. W. Pike (1993)
J Psychopharmacol 7, 139-158
   PDF »
Brain Morphology and Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Limbic, Prefrontal Cortex, and Caudate Structures.
A. Breier, R. W. Buchanan, A. Elkashef, R. C. Munson, B. Kirkpatrick, and F. Gellad (1992)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 49, 921-926
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hypofrontality in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients and in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia: Assessment With Xenon 133 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and the Tower of London.
N. C. Andreasen, K. Rezai, R. Alliger, V. W. Swayze II, M. Flaum, P. Kirchner, G. Cohen, and D. S. O'Leary (1992)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 49, 943-958
   Abstract »    PDF »
Striatal Metabolic Rate and Clinical Response to Neuroleptics in Schizophrenia.
M. S. Buchsbaum, S. G. Potkin, B. V. Siegel Jr, J. Lohr, M. Katz, L. A. Gottschalk, B. Gulasekaram, J. F. Marshall, S. Lottenberg, C. Y. Teng, et al. (1992)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 49, 966-974
   Abstract »    PDF »
The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications.
N.R. Swerdlow, S.B. Caine, D.L. Braff, and M.A. Geyer (1992)
J Psychopharmacol 6, 176-190
   Abstract »    PDF »
Merck, Sharp & Dohme Prize for Young Psychopharmacologists: A history of frontal and temporal lobe aspects of the neuropharmacology of schizophrenia.
R. Kerwin (1992)
J Psychopharmacol 6, 230-240
   Abstract »    PDF »
No Linkage Between D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene Region and Schizophrenia.
H. W. Moises, J. Gelernter, L. A. Giuffra, V. Zarcone, L. Wetterberg, O. Civelli, K. K. Kidd, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, D. K. Grandy, J. L. Kennedy, et al. (1991)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 48, 643-647
   Abstract »    PDF »
Alterations in Brain High-Energy Phosphate and Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism in First-Episode, Drug-Naive Schizophrenics: A Pilot Study of the Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex by In Vivo Phosphorus 31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
J. W. Pettegrew, M. S. Keshavan, K. Panchalingam, S. Strychor, D. B. Kaplan, M. G. Tretta, and M. Allen (1991)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 48, 563-568
   Abstract »    PDF »
Elevation of Dopamine D2 Receptors in Schizophrenia is Underestimated by Radioactive Raclopride.
P. Seeman, H. B. Niznik, and H.-C. Guan (1990)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 47, 1170-1172
   Abstract »    PDF »
Pronounced Reduction of Total Neuron Number in Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus and Nucleus Accumbens in Schizophrenics.
B. Pakkenberg (1990)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 47, 1023-1028
   Abstract »    PDF »
D2 Dopamine Receptors in Neuroleptic-Naive Schizophrenic Patients: A Positron Emission Tomography Study With [11C]Raclopride.
L. Farde, F.-A. Wiesel, S. Stone-Elander, C. Halldin, A.-L. Nordstrom, H. Hall, and G. Sedvall (1990)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 47, 213-219
   Abstract »    PDF »
Early psychopharmacology and the rise of modern brain research.
A. Carlsson (1990)
J Psychopharmacol 4, 120-126
   PDF »
Cholinergic Hyperactivity and Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms: A Model of Cholinergic/Dopaminergic Interactions in Schizophrenia.
R. Tandon and J. F. Greden (1989)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 46, 745-753
   Abstract »    PDF »
Positron Emission Tomography--A New Approach to Brain Chemistry.
Council on Scientific Affairs (1988)
JAMA 260, 2704-2710
   Abstract »    PDF »
A Comparison of Plasma Homovanillic Acid Concentrations in Schizophrenic Patients and Normal Controls.
M. Davidson and K. L. Davis (1988)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 561-563
   Abstract »    PDF »
Brain Dopamine Receptors in Schizophrenia: PET Problems.
P. Seeman (1988)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 598-599
   Abstract »    PDF »
Brain Dopamine Receptors in Schizophrenia: PET Problems-Reply.
L. Farde, G. Sedvall, F.-A. Wiesel, H. Hall, C. Halldin, and S. Stone-Elander (1988)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 599-600
   Abstract »    PDF »
Brain imaging: applications in psychiatry.
N. Andreasen (1988)
Science 239, 1381-1388
   Abstract »    PDF »
Elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics.
B. Zeeberg, R. Gibson, and R. Reba (1988)
Science 239, 789-791
   PDF »
In Reply: Elevated D2 Dopamine Receptors in Drug-Naive Schizophrenics.
D. F. Wong, A. Gjedde, H. M. Wagner Jr., R. F. Dannals, J. M. Links, L. E. Tune, and G. D. Pearlson (1988)
Science 239, 790-791
   PDF »
Research on Rett Syndrome: Strategy and Preliminar Results.
S. Naidu, C. A. Kitt, D. F. Wong, D. L. Price, J. C. Troncoso, and H. W. Moser (1988)
J Child Neurol 3, S78-S86
   Abstract »    PDF »
Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia.
D. R. Weinberger (1987)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 660-669
   Abstract »    PDF »
No D2 Receptor Increase in PET Study of Schizophrenia.
L. Farde, F.-A. Wiesel, H. Hall, C. Halldin, S. Stone-Elander, and G. Sedvall (1987)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 44, 671-672
   Abstract »    PDF »
Biological issues in schizophrenia.
D. Barnes (1987)
Science 235, 430-433
   PDF »
Glutamate receptors and schizophrenia.
B.S. Meldrum and R.W. Kerwin (1987)
J Psychopharmacol 1, 217-221
   PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)