Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 10 October 1986:
Vol. 234. no. 4773, pp. 179 - 186
DOI: 10.1126/science.3018930
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 234, Issue 4773, 179-186
Copyright © 1986 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

In vivo half-life of a protein is a function of its amino-terminal residue

A Bachmair, D Finley, and A Varshavsky

When a chimeric gene encoding a ubiquitin-beta-galactosidase fusion protein is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin is cleaved off the nascent fusion protein, yielding a deubiquitinated beta-galactosidase (beta gal). With one exception, this cleavage takes place regardless of the nature of the amino acid residue of beta gal at the ubiquitin-beta gal junction, thereby making it possible to expose different residues at the amino-termini of the otherwise identical beta gal proteins. The beta gal proteins thus designed have strikingly different half-lives in vivo, from more than 20 hours to less than 3 minutes, depending on the nature of the amino acid at the amino-terminus of beta gal. The set of individual amino acids can thus be ordered with respect to the half-lives that they confer on beta gal when present at its amino-terminus (the "N-end rule"). The currently known amino-terminal residues in long-lived, noncompartmentalized intracellular proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes belong exclusively to the stabilizing class as predicted by the N-end rule. The function of the previously described posttranslational addition of single amino acids to protein amino-termini may also be accounted for by the N-end rule. Thus the recognition of an amino-terminal residue in a protein may mediate both the metabolic stability of the protein and the potential for regulation of its stability.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
N-Glycosylation Enhances Presentation of a MHC Class I-Restricted Epitope from Tyrosinase.
M. Ostankovitch, M. Altrich-VanLith, V. Robila, and V. H. Engelhard (2009)
J. Immunol. 182, 4830-4835
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The N-end rule pathway promotes seed germination and establishment through removal of ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis.
T. J. Holman, P. D. Jones, L. Russell, A. Medhurst, S. Ubeda Tomas, P. Talloji, J. Marquez, H. Schmuths, S.-A. Tung, I. Taylor, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 4549-4554
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two proteolytic pathways regulate DNA repair by cotargeting the Mgt1 alkylguanine transferase.
C.-S. Hwang, A. Shemorry, and A. Varshavsky (2009)
PNAS 106, 2142-2147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of Quality Control Substrates in Distinct Cellular Compartments Reveals a Unique Role for Rpn4p in Tolerating Misfolded Membrane Proteins.
M. B. Metzger and S. Michaelis (2009)
Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 1006-1019
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Discovery of Cellular Regulation by Protein Degradation.
A. Varshavsky (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 34469-34489
   Full Text »    PDF »
ESAT-6-Like Protein Secretion in Bacillus anthracis.
G. Garufi, E. Butler, and D. Missiakas (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 7004-7011
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of the N-Terminal Amino Acid of Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor in Lethal Toxin Cytotoxicity and Its Effect on the Lethal Toxin Neutralization Assay.
A. Verma, L. Wagner, S. Stibitz, N. Nguyen, F. Guerengomba, and D. L. Burns (2008)
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 1737-1741
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The N-terminal domain of MyoD is necessary and sufficient for its nuclear localization-dependent degradation by the ubiquitin system.
R. Sadeh, K. Breitschopf, B. Bercovich, M. Zoabi, Y. Kravtsova-Ivantsiv, D. Kornitzer, A. Schwartz, and A. Ciechanover (2008)
PNAS 105, 15690-15695
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tuning the Strength of a Bacterial N-end Rule Degradation Signal.
K. H. Wang, E. S. C. Oakes, R. T. Sauer, and T. A. Baker (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 24600-24607
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Substrate-binding Sites of UBR1, the Ubiquitin Ligase of the N-end Rule Pathway.
Z. Xia, A. Webster, F. Du, K. Piatkov, M. Ghislain, and A. Varshavsky (2008)
J. Biol. Chem. 283, 24011-24028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A rationally designed tyrosine hydroxylase DNA vaccine induces specific antineuroblastoma immunity.
N. Huebener, S. Fest, A. Strandsby, E. Michalsky, R. Preissner, Y. Zeng, G. Gaedicke, and H. N. Lode (2008)
Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 2241-2251
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Alg13p, the Catalytic Subunit of the Endoplasmic Reticulum UDP-GlcNAc Glycosyltransferase, Is a Target for Proteasomal Degradation.
N. Averbeck, X.-D. Gao, S.-I. Nishimura, and N. Dean (2008)
Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 2169-2178
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Centrin/Cdc31 Is a Novel Regulator of Protein Degradation.
L. Chen and K. Madura (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1829-1840
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies MYND-Domain Protein Mub1 as an Essential Factor for Rpn4 Ubiquitylation.
D. Ju, X. Wang, H. Xu, and Y. Xie (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1404-1412
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Puromycin-Sensitive Aminopeptidase Limits MHC Class I Presentation in Dendritic Cells but Does Not Affect CD8 T Cell Responses during Viral Infections.
C. F. Towne, I. A. York, J. Neijssen, M. L. Karow, A. J. Murphy, D. M. Valenzuela, G. D. Yancopoulos, J. J. Neefjes, and K. L. Rock (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 1704-1712
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Synthetic heterovalent inhibitors targeting recognition E3 components of the N-end rule pathway.
M. J. Lee, K. Pal, T. Tasaki, S. Roy, Y. Jiang, J. Y. An, R. Banerjee, and Y. T. Kwon (2008)
PNAS 105, 100-105
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of Notch Signaling by Dynamic Changes in the Precision of S3 Cleavage of Notch-1.
S. Tagami, M. Okochi, K. Yanagida, A. Ikuta, A. Fukumori, N. Matsumoto, Y. Ishizuka-Katsura, T. Nakayama, N. Itoh, J. Jiang, et al. (2008)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 165-176
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
APC/C-Cdh1-mediated degradation of the Polo kinase Cdc5 promotes the return of Cdc14 into the nucleolus.
C. Visintin, B. N. Tomson, R. Rahal, J. Paulson, M. Cohen, J. Taunton, A. Amon, and R. Visintin (2008)
Genes & Dev. 22, 79-90
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeting HIV-1 Gag into the Defective Ribosomal Product Pathway Enhances MHC Class I Antigen Presentation and CD8+ T Cell Activation.
A. Goldwich, S. S. C. Hahn, S. Schreiber, S. Meier, E. Kampgen, R. Wagner, M. B. Lutz, and U. Schubert (2008)
J. Immunol. 180, 372-382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DIAP2 functions as a mechanism-based regulator of drICE that contributes to the caspase activity threshold in living cells.
P. S. Ribeiro, E. Kuranaga, T. Tenev, F. Leulier, M. Miura, and P. Meier (2007)
J. Cell Biol. 179, 1467-1480
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sts1 Can Overcome the Loss of Rad23 and Rpn10 and Represents a Novel Regulator of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway.
L. Romero-Perez, L. Li Chen, D. Lambertson, and K. Madura (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 35574-35582
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Targeting the absence: Homozygous DNA deletions as immutable signposts for cancer therapy.
A. Varshavsky (2007)
PNAS 104, 14935-14940
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ubiquitin proteasome pathway gene expression varies in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos of different developmental potential.
N. R. Mtango and K. E. Latham (2007)
Physiol Genomics 31, 1-14
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo Antigen Stability Affects DNA Vaccine Immunogenicity.
A. D. Bins, M. C. Wolkers, M. D. van den Boom, J. B. A. G. Haanen, and T. N. M. Schumacher (2007)
J. Immunol. 179, 2126-2133
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biochemical and Genetic Studies of UBR3, a Ubiquitin Ligase with a Function in Olfactory and Other Sensory Systems.
T. Tasaki, R. Sohr, Z. Xia, R. Hellweg, H. Hortnagl, A. Varshavsky, and Y. T. Kwon (2007)
J. Biol. Chem. 282, 18510-18520
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Role of Bleomycin Hydrolase in Antigen Presentation and the Generation of CD8 T Cell Responses.
C. F. Towne, I. A. York, L. B. Watkin, J. S. Lazo, and K. L. Rock (2007)
J. Immunol. 178, 6923-6930
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ClpS modulates but is not essential for bacterial N-end rule degradation.
K. H. Wang, R. T. Sauer, and T. A. Baker (2007)
Genes & Dev. 21, 403-408
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Assembly Pathway of the 19S Regulatory Particle of the Yeast 26S Proteasome.
E. Isono, K. Nishihara, Y. Saeki, H. Yashiroda, N. Kamata, L. Ge, T. Ueda, Y. Kikuchi, K. Tanaka, A. Nakano, et al. (2007)
Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 569-580
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Valosin-containing Protein (p97) Is a Regulator of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and of the Degradation of N-End Rule and Ubiquitin-Fusion Degradation Pathway Substrates in Mammalian Cells.
C. Wojcik, M. Rowicka, A. Kudlicki, D. Nowis, E. McConnell, M. Kujawa, and G. N. DeMartino (2006)
Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 4606-4618
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arginyltransferase, Its Specificity, Putative Substrates, Bidirectional Promoter, and Splicing-derived Isoforms.
R.-G. Hu, C. S. Brower, H. Wang, I. V. Davydov, J. Sheng, J. Zhou, Y. T. Kwon, and A. Varshavsky (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 32559-32573
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ubiquitination of MHC Class I Heavy Chains Is Essential for Dislocation by Human Cytomegalovirus-encoded US2 but Not US11.
G. C. Hassink, M. T. Barel, S. B. Van Voorden, M. Kikkert, and E. J. Wiertz (2006)
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 30063-30071
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Catalytic Core of Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein nsP4 Possesses Terminal Adenylyltransferase Activity..
S. Tomar, R. W. Hardy, J. L. Smith, and R. J. Kuhn (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 9962-9969
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Profiling of the Bacillus anthracis Life Cycle In Vitro and an Implied Model for Regulation of Spore Formation..
N. H. Bergman, E. C. Anderson, E. E. Swenson, M. M. Niemeyer, A. D. Miyoshi, and P. C. Hanna (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 6092-6100
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SNPeffect v2.0: a new step in investigating the molecular phenotypic effects of human non-synonymous SNPs.
J. Reumers, S. Maurer-Stroh, J. Schymkowitz, and F. Rousseau (2006)
Bioinformatics 22, 2183-2185
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Tripeptidyl Peptidase II Is the Major Peptidase Needed to Trim Long Antigenic Precursors, but Is Not Required for Most MHC Class I Antigen Presentation.
I. A. York, N. Bhutani, S. Zendzian, A. L. Goldberg, and K. L. Rock (2006)
J. Immunol. 177, 1434-1443
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Arginylation of {beta}-Actin Regulates Actin Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility.
M. Karakozova, M. Kozak, C. C. L. Wong, A. O. Bailey, J. R. Yates III, A. Mogilner, H. Zebroski, and A. Kashina (2006)
Science 313, 192-196
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeted gene disruption of methionine aminopeptidase 2 results in an embryonic gastrulation defect and endothelial cell growth arrest.
J.-R. J. Yeh, R. Ju, C. M. Brdlik, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, M. E. Matyskiela, J. D. Shotwell, and C. M. Crews (2006)
PNAS 103, 10379-10384
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Quantifying and Imaging NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1-Derived Epitopes on Tumor Cells Using High Affinity T Cell Receptors..
M. A. Purbhoo, D. H. Sutton, J. E. Brewer, R. E. Mullings, M. E. Hill, T. M. Mahon, J. Karbach, E. Jager, B. J. Cameron, N. Lissin, et al. (2006)
J. Immunol. 176, 7308-7316
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) trims MHC class I-presented peptides in vivo and plays an important role in immunodominance.
I. A. York, M. A. Brehm, S. Zendzian, C. F. Towne, and K. L. Rock (2006)
PNAS 103, 9202-9207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
From the Cover: Aminoacyl-transferases and the N-end rule pathway of prokaryotic/eukaryotic specificity in a human pathogen.
E. Graciet, R.-G. Hu, K. Piatkov, J. H. Rhee, E. M. Schwarz, and A. Varshavsky (2006)
PNAS 103, 3078-3083
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leucine Aminopeptidase Is Not Essential for Trimming Peptides in the Cytosol or Generating Epitopes for MHC Class I Antigen Presentation.
C. F. Towne, I. A. York, J. Neijssen, M. L. Karow, A. J. Murphy, D. M. Valenzuela, G. D. Yancopoulos, J. J. Neefjes, and K. L. Rock (2005)
J. Immunol. 175, 6605-6614
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RGS4 and RGS5 are in vivo substrates of the N-end rule pathway.
M. J. Lee, T. Tasaki, K. Moroi, J. Y. An, S. Kimura, I. V. Davydov, and Y. T. Kwon (2005)
PNAS 102, 15030-15035
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dual Luciferase Assay System for Rapid Assessment of Gene Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
D. S. McNabb, R. Reed, and R. A. Marciniak (2005)
Eukaryot. Cell 4, 1539-1549
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Targeted Destruction of c-Myc by an Engineered Ubiquitin Ligase Suppresses Cell Transformation and Tumor Formation.
S. Hatakeyama, M. Watanabe, Y. Fujii, and K. I. Nakayama (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 7874-7879
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Family of Mammalian E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Contain the UBR Box Motif and Recognize N-Degrons.
T. Tasaki, L. C. F. Mulder, A. Iwamatsu, M. J. Lee, I. V. Davydov, A. Varshavsky, M. Muesing, and Y. T. Kwon (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 7120-7136
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Its Role in Cancer.
A. Mani and E. P. Gelmann (2005)
J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 4776-4789
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of mammalian arginyltransferases that modify a specific subset of protein substrates.
R. Rai and A. Kashina (2005)
PNAS 102, 10123-10128
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rapid turnover of GATA-2 via ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway.
N. Minegishi, N. Suzuki, Y. Kawatani, R. Shimizu, and M. Yamamoto (2005)
Genes Cells 10, 693-704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
In Vivo Characterization of the Nonessential Budding Yeast Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Components Swm1p, Mnd2p and Apc9p.
A. M. Page, V. Aneliunas, J. R. Lamb, and P. Hieter (2005)
Genetics 170, 1045-1062
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yeast Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate Aminotransferase (Gfa1) Requires Methionine Aminopeptidase Activity for Proper Function.
B. Dummitt, W. S. Micka, and Y.-H. Chang (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 14356-14360
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Defective sister-chromatid cohesion, aneuploidy and cancer predisposition in a mouse model of type II Rothmund-Thomson syndrome.
M. B. Mann, C. A. Hodges, E. Barnes, H. Vogel, T. J. Hassold, and G. Luo (2005)
Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 813-825
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of mRNA- and protein-destabilizing elements to develop a highly responsive reporter system.
D. C. Voon, L. S. Subrata, S. Baltic, M. P. Leu, J. M. Whiteway, A. Wong, S. A. Knight, F. T. Christiansen, and J. M. Daly (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e27
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Regulation by Lge1p Requires a Function Independent of Its Role in Histone H2B Ubiquitination.
X. Zhang, A. Kolaczkowska, F. Devaux, S. L. Panwar, T. C. Hallstrom, C. Jacq, and W. S. Moye-Rowley (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2759-2770
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of Cotranslationally Damaged Proteins Involves Translation Elongation Factor 1A.
S.-M. Chuang, L. Chen, D. Lambertson, M. Anand, T. G. Kinzy, and K. Madura (2005)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 403-413
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
SNPeffect: a database mapping molecular phenotypic effects of human non-synonymous coding SNPs.
J. Reumers, J. Schymkowitz, J. Ferkinghoff-Borg, F. Stricher, L. Serrano, and F. Rousseau (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D527-D532
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hub1 is an essential ubiquitin-like protein without functioning as a typical modifier in fission yeast.
H. Yashiroda and K. Tanaka (2004)
Genes Cells 9, 1189-1197
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Evaluation of Enforced Rapid Proteasomal Degradation as a Means of Enhancing Vaccine-Induced CTL Responses.
S. B. J. Wong, C. B. Buck, X. Shen, and R. F. Siliciano (2004)
J. Immunol. 173, 3073-3083
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rpn7 Is Required for the Structural Integrity of the 26 S Proteasome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
E. Isono, Y. Saeki, H. Yokosawa, and A. Toh-e (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 27168-27176
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiovascular diseases--a hypothesis extended.
J. Herrmann, A. Ciechanover, L. O Lerman, and A. Lerman (2004)
Cardiovasc Res 61, 11-21
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Negative regulation of calcineurin signaling by Hrr25p, a yeast homolog of casein kinase I.
K. A. Kafadar, H. Zhu, M. Snyder, and M. S. Cyert (2003)
Genes & Dev. 17, 2698-2708
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
PRT1 of Arabidopsis Is a Ubiquitin Protein Ligase of the Plant N-End Rule Pathway with Specificity for Aromatic Amino-Terminal Residues.
S. Stary, X.-j. Yin, T. Potuschak, P. Schlogelhofer, V. Nizhynska, and A. Bachmair (2003)
Plant Physiology 133, 1360-1366
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ataxin-3 Interactions with Rad23 and Valosin-Containing Protein and Its Associations with Ubiquitin Chains and the Proteasome Are Consistent with a Role in Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis.
E. W. Doss-Pepe, E. S. Stenroos, W. G. Johnson, and K. Madura (2003)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 6469-6483
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of site-specific DNA integration in human cells by a single chain integration host factor.
T. Corona, Q. Bao, N. Christ, T. Schwartz, J. Li, and P. Droge (2003)
Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 5140-5148
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sit4 Phosphatase Is Functionally Linked to the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System.
T. Singer, S. Haefner, M. Hoffmann, M. Fischer, J. Ilyina, and W. Hilt (2003)
Genetics 164, 1305-1321
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Yokonolide B, a Novel Inhibitor of Auxin Action, Blocks Degradation of AUX/IAA Factors.
K.-i. Hayashi, A. M. Jones, K. Ogino, A. Yamazoe, Y. Oono, M. Inoguchi, H. Kondo, and H. Nozaki (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 23797-23806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
gamma 2 subunit of G protein heterotrimer is an N-end rule ubiquitylation substrate.
M. H. Hamilton, L. A. Cook, T. R. McRackan, K. L. Schey, and J. D. Hildebrandt (2003)
PNAS 100, 5081-5086
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Catabolite Degradation of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Genome-wide Screen Identifies Eight Novel GID Genes and Indicates the Existence of Two Degradation Pathways.
J. Regelmann, T. Schule, F. S. Josupeit, J. Horak, M. Rose, K.-D. Entian, M. Thumm, and D. H. Wolf (2003)
Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 1652-1663
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ubiquitin-independent Mechanisms of Mouse Ornithine Decarboxylase Degradation Are Conserved between Mammalian and Fungal Cells.
M. A. Hoyt, M. Zhang, and P. Coffino (2003)
J. Biol. Chem. 278, 12135-12143
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Receptor-mediated endoproteolytic activation of two transcription factors in yeast.
C. Andreasson and P. O. Ljungdahl (2002)
Genes & Dev. 16, 3158-3172
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Highly Permissive Cell Lines for Subgenomic and Genomic Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication.
K. J. Blight, J. A. McKeating, and C. M. Rice (2002)
J. Virol. 76, 13001-13014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pairs of dipeptides synergistically activate the binding of substrate by ubiquitin ligase through dissociation of its autoinhibitory domain.
F. Du, F. Navarro-Garcia, Z. Xia, T. Tasaki, and A. Varshavsky (2002)
PNAS 99, 14110-14115
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of mouse polyomavirus mutants with lesions in the minor capsid proteins.
P. Mannova, D. Liebl, N. Krauzewicz, A. Fejtova, J. Stokrova, Z. Palkova, B. E. Griffin, and J. Forstova (2002)
J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2309-2319
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k/HR6B is dispensable for increased protein catabolism in muscle of fasted mice.
O. A. J. Adegoke, N. Bedard, H. P. Roest, and S. S. Wing (2002)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283, E482-E489
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Interaction of HIV-1 Integrase with DNA Repair Protein hRad18.
L. C. F. Mulder, L. A. Chakrabarti, and M. A. Muesing (2002)
J. Biol. Chem. 277, 27489-27493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A role for mammalian Ubc6 homologues in ER-associated protein degradation.
U. Lenk, H. Yu, J. Walter, M. S. Gelman, E. Hartmann, R. R. Kopito, and T. Sommer (2002)
J. Cell Sci. 115, 3007-3014
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
An Essential Role of N-Terminal Arginylation in Cardiovascular Development.
Y. T. Kwon, A. S. Kashina, I. V. Davydov, R.-G. Hu, J. Y. An, J. W. Seo, F. Du, and A. Varshavsky (2002)
Science 297, 96-99
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Rad23 Promotes the Targeting of Proteolytic Substrates to the Proteasome.
L. Chen and K. Madura (2002)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 4902-4913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: Destruction for the Sake of Construction.
M. H. Glickman and A. Ciechanover (2002)
Physiol Rev 82, 373-428
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Budding yeast Dsk2p is a polyubiquitin-binding protein that can interact with the proteasome.
M. Funakoshi, T. Sasaki, T. Nishimoto, and H. Kobayashi (2002)
PNAS 99, 745-750
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Construction and Analysis of Mouse Strains Lacking the Ubiquitin Ligase UBR1 (E3alpha ) of the N-End Rule Pathway.
Y. T. Kwon, Z. Xia, I. V. Davydov, S. H. Lecker, and A. Varshavsky (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 8007-8021
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Kinetic Analysis of the Conjugation of Ubiquitin to Picornavirus 3C Proteases Catalyzed by the Mammalian Ubiquitin-protein Ligase E3alpha.
T. G. Lawson, M. E. Sweep, P. E. Schlax, R. N. Bohnsack, and A. L. Haas (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39629-39637
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
N-end Rule Specificity within the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway Is Not an Affinity Effect.
O. V. Baboshina, R. Crinelli, T. J. Siepmann, and A. L. Haas (2001)
J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39428-39437
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Two-hybrid analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 26S proteasome.
G. CAGNEY, P. UETZ, and S. FIELDS (2001)
Physiol Genomics 7, 27-34
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Upc2p and Ecm22p, Dual Regulators of Sterol Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A. Vik and J. Rine (2001)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 6395-6405
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Xylulokinase Overexpression in Two Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Also Expressing Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase and Its Effect on Fermentation of Xylose and Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate.
B. Johansson, C. Christensson, T. Hobley, and B. Hahn-Hagerdal (2001)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 67, 4249-4255
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequence Architecture Downstream of the Initiator Codon Enhances Gene Expression and Protein Stability in Plants.
S. V. Sawant, K. Kiran, P. K. Singh, and R. Tuli (2001)
Plant Physiology 126, 1630-1636
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Reconstruction of Ligand-Dependent Transactivation of Choristoneura fumiferana Ecdysone Receptor in Yeast.
H. T. Tran, H. B. Askari, S. Shaaban, L. Price, S. R. Palli, T. S. Dhadialla, G. R. Carlson, and T. R. Butt (2001)
Mol. Endocrinol. 15, 1140-1153
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Degradation Signals Recognized by the Ubc6p-Ubc7p Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Pair.
T. Gilon, O. Chomsky, and R. G. Kulka (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 7214-7219
   Abstract »    Full Text »
The Doa4 Deubiquitinating Enzyme Is Functionally Linked to the Vacuolar Protein-sorting and Endocytic Pathways.
A. Y. Amerik, J. Nowak, S. Swaminathan, and M. Hochstrasser (2000)
Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 3365-3380
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Detecting and Measuring Cotranslational Protein Degradation in.
G. Turner and Varshavsky (2000)
Science 289, 2117-2120
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Varying Intertrial Interval Reveals Temporally Defined Memory Deficits and Enhancements in NTAN1-Deficient Mice.
S. A. Balogh, Y. T. Kwon, and V. H. Denenberg (2000)
Learn. Mem. 7, 279-286
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Evidence for Separable Functions of Srp1p, the Yeast Homolog of Importin alpha (Karyopherin alpha ): Role for Srp1p and Sts1p in Protein Degradation.
M. M. Tabb, P. Tongaonkar, L. Vu, and M. Nomura (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 6062-6073
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Evidence for an Interaction between Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes and the 26S Proteasome.
P. Tongaonkar, L. Chen, D. Lambertson, B. Ko, and K. Madura (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4691-4698
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Isolation and Characterization of HRT1 Using a Genetic Screen for Mutants Unable to Degrade Gic2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
M. Blondel, J.-M. Galan, and M. Peter (2000)
Genetics 155, 1033-1044
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Altered Activity, Social Behavior, and Spatial Memory in Mice Lacking the NTAN1p Amidase and the Asparagine Branch of the N-End Rule Pathway.
Y. T. Kwon, S. A. Balogh, I. V. Davydov, A. S. Kashina, J. K. Yoon, Y. Xie, A. Gaur, L. Hyde, V. H. Denenberg, and A. Varshavsky (2000)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4135-4148
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Stable High-Level Expression of Heterologous Genes In Vitro and In Vivo by Noncytopathic DNA-Based Kunjin Virus Replicon Vectors.
A. N. Varnavski, P. R. Young, and A. A. Khromykh (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 4394-4403
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Cytoplasmic Processing Is a Prerequisite for Presentation of an Endogenous Antigen by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Proteins.
J. D. Lich, J. F. Elliott, and J. S. Blum (2000)
J. Exp. Med. 191, 1513-1524
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Impaired Proteasome Function Rescues Thermosensitivity of Yeast Cells Lacking the Coatomer Subunit epsilon -COP.
Y. Kimata, H. Higashio, and K. Kohno (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 10655-10660
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of TFIIA Function In Vivo: Evidence for a Role in TATA-Binding Protein Recruitment and Gene-Specific Activation.
Q. Liu, S. E. Gabriel, K. L. Roinick, R. D. Ward, and K. M. Arndt (1999)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 8673-8685
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cadmium-mediated oxidative stress in kidney proximal tubule cells induces degradation of Na+/K+-ATPase through proteasomal and endo-/lysosomal proteolytic pathways.
F. THÉVENOD and J. M. FRIEDMANN (1999)
FASEB J 13, 1751-1761
   Abstract »    Full Text »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)