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Science 5 July 1985:
Vol. 229. no. 4708, pp. 54 - 58
DOI: 10.1126/science.2990037
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Articles

Science, Vol 229, Issue 4708, 54-58
Copyright © 1985 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

The x gene is essential for HTLV replication

IS Chen, DJ Slamon, JD Rosenblatt, NP Shah, SG Quan, and W Wachsman

The human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV) are associated with T-cell malignancies in man and will transform normal human T cells in vitro. The mechanism of malignant transformation by HTLV is unknown but appears to be distinct from that of other classes of retroviruses, which induce malignant transformation through viral or cellular oncogenes. Recently a new gene, termed x, was identified in HTLV. This gene has been hypothesized to be the transforming gene of HTLV because of its conservation within the HTLV class of retroviruses. By in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-II x gene, it is now demonstrated that the presence of a functional x gene product is necessary for efficient HTLV transcription. Therefore, these studies provide direct evidence for an important function of the x gene in HTLV replication. The functional analogies between the x gene and transcriptional regulatory genes of some DNA viruses suggest that these viruses share similar mechanisms for cellular transformation.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
The bZIP Transcription Factor ATFx Binds Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax and Represses HTLV-1 Long Terminal Repeat-Mediated Transcription.
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J. Virol. 79, 6932-6939
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A 10-Amino Acid Domain within Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Tax Protein Sequences Is Responsible for Their Divergent Subcellular Distribution.
L. Meertens, S. Chevalier, R. Weil, A. Gessain, and R. Mahieux (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 43307-43320
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Inhibition of the Tax-Dependent Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I Replication in Persistently Infected Cells by the Fluoroquinolone Derivative K-37.
X. Wang, H. Miyake, M. Okamoto, M. Saito, J.-I. Fujisawa, Y. Tanaka, S. Izumo, and M. Baba (2002)
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Phosphorylation of Two Serine Residues Regulates Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Rex Function.
M. Narayan, K. Kusuhara, and P. L. Green (2001)
J. Virol. 75, 8440-8448
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Differences in the Ability of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 Tax To Inhibit p53 Function.
R. Mahieux, C. A. Pise-Masison, P. F. Lambert, C. Nicot, L. De Marchis, A. Gessain, P. Green, W. Hall, and J. N. Brady (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 6866-6874
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Shuttles between Functionally Discrete Subcellular Targets.
M. Burton, C. D. Upadhyaya, B. Maier, T. J. Hope, and O. J. Semmes (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 2351-2364
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Human T-cell leukemia retrovirus-Tax protein is a repressor of nuclear receptor signaling.
V. Doucas and R. M. Evans (1999)
PNAS 96, 2633-2638
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax and Cell Cycle Progression: Role of Cyclin D-cdk and p110Rb.
C. Neuveut, K. G. Low, F. Maldarelli, I. Schmitt, F. Majone, R. Grassmann, and K.-T. Jeang (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 3620-3632
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Differential Transcriptional Activation by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Mutants Is Mediated by Distinct Interactions with CREB Binding Protein and p300.
F. Bex, M.-J. Yin, A. Burny, and R. B. Gaynor (1998)
Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 2392-2405
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Enhanced MDR1 Gene Expression in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-I-Infected Patients Offers New Prospects for Therapy.
A. Lau, S. Nightingale, G. P. Taylor, T. W. Gant, and A. J. Cann (1998)
Blood 91, 2467-2474
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Identification of an Osteoclast Transcription Factor That Binds to the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I-Long Terminal Repeat Enhancer Element.
D. Inoue, P. Santiago, W. C. Horne, and R. Baron (1997)
J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25386-25393
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cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Induces Directed DNA Bending of the HTLV-I 21-Base Pair Repeat.
M. J. Yin, E. Paulssen, and R. B. Gaynor (1996)
J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4781-4790
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Identification of HTLV-I tax trans-activator mutants exhibiting novel transcriptional phenotypes..
M R Smith and W C Greene (1990)
Genes & Dev. 4, 1875-1885
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HIV-1 production from infected peripheral blood T cells after HTLV-I induced mitogenic stimulation.
J. Zack, A. Cann, J. Lugo, and I. Chen (1988)
Science 240, 1026-1029
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HTLV-II transactivation is regulated by the overlapping tax/rex nonstructural genes.
J. Rosenblatt, A. Cann, D. Slamon, I. Smalberg, N. Shah, J Fujii, W Wachsman, and I. Chen (1988)
Science 240, 916-919
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U3 sequences from HTLV-I and -II LTRs confer pX protein response to a murine leukemia virus LTR.
H Kitado, I. Chen, N. Shah, A. Cann, K Shimotohno, and H Fan (1987)
Science 235, 901-904
   Abstract »    PDF »
HTLV x gene mutants exhibit novel transcriptional regulatory phenotypes.
W Wachsman, A. Cann, J. Williams, D. Slamon, L Souza, N. Shah, and I. Chen (1987)
Science 235, 674-677
   Abstract »    PDF »
Trans-activator gene of HTLV-II induces IL-2 receptor and IL-2 cellular gene expression.
W. Greene, W. Leonard, Y Wano, P. Svetlik, N. Peffer, J. Sodroski, C. Rosen, W. Goh, and W. Haseltine (1986)
Science 232, 877-880
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Two elements in the bovine leukemia virus long terminal repeat that regulate gene expression.
D Derse and J. Casey (1986)
Science 231, 1437-1440
   Abstract »    PDF »
Functional relation between HTLV-II x and adenovirus E1A proteins in transcriptional activation.
I. Chen, A. Cann, N. Shah, and R. Gaynor (1985)
Science 230, 570-573
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More about the HTLV's and how they act.
J. Marx (1985)
Science 229, 37-38
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Domain-specific Interaction with the Ikappa B Kinase (IKK) Regulatory Subunit IKKgamma Is an Essential Step in Tax-mediated Activation of IKK.
G. Xiao, E. W. Harhaj, and S.-C. Sun (2000)
J. Biol. Chem. 275, 34060-34067
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »


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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)