Science 9 November 1984: Vol. 226. no. 4675, pp. 694 - 696 DOI: 10.1126/science.6387911

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Articles

Shiga Toxin 2 Is Specifically Released from Bacterial Cells by Two Different Mechanisms.

T. Shimizu, Y. Ohta, and M. Noda (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 2813-2823
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Phage-Mediated Shiga Toxin 2 Gene Transfer in Food and Water.

L. Imamovic, J. Jofre, H. Schmidt, R. Serra-Moreno, and M. Muniesa (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 1764-1768
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity among Induced, stx2-Carrying Bacteriophages from Environmental Escherichia coli Strains.

C. Garcia-Aljaro, M. Muniesa, J. Jofre, and A. R. Blanch (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 329-336
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

International Comparison of Clinical, Bovine, and Environmental Escherichia coli O157 Isolates on the Basis of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Bacteriophage Insertion Site Genotypes.

J. H. Whitworth, N. Fegan, J. Keller, K. S. Gobius, J. L. Bono, D. R. Call, D. D. Hancock, and T. E. Besser (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 7447-7450
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Characterization of Verotoxin-Encoding Phages from Escherichia coli O103:H2 Strains of Bovine and Human Origins.

M. Karama and C. L. Gyles (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 5153-5158
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The CI Repressors of Shiga Toxin-Converting Prophages Are Involved in Coinfection of Escherichia coli Strains, Which Causes a Down Regulation in the Production of Shiga Toxin 2.

R. Serra-Moreno, J. Jofre, and M. Muniesa (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 4722-4735
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Type 2 Secretion Promotes Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Adherence and Intestinal Colonization.

T. D. Ho, B. M. Davis, J. M. Ritchie, and M. K. Waldor (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 1858-1865
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The Type III Secretion System of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans Is Involved in the Phyllosphere Colonization Process and in Transmission to Seeds of Susceptible Beans.

A. Darsonval, A. Darrasse, D. Meyer, M. Demarty, K. Durand, C. Bureau, C. Manceau, and M.-A. Jacques (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 2669-2678
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Recycling of Shiga Toxin 2 Genes in Sorbitol-Fermenting Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:NM.

A. Mellmann, S. Lu, H. Karch, J.-g. Xu, D. Harmsen, M. A. Schmidt, and M. Bielaszewska (2008)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74, 67-72
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Multilocus Characterization Scheme for Shiga Toxin-Encoding Bacteriophages.

D. L. Smith, B. M. Wareing, P. C. M. Fogg, L. M. Riley, M. Spencer, M. J. Cox, J. R. Saunders, A. J. McCarthy, and H. E. Allison (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 8032-8040
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Identification of multiple integration sites for Stx-phage {Phi}24B in the Escherichia coli genome, description of a novel integrase and evidence for a functional anti-repressor.

P. C. M. Fogg, S. M. Gossage, D. L. Smith, J. R. Saunders, A. J. McCarthy, and H. E. Allison (2007)
Microbiology 153, 4098-4110
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Short-Tailed Stx Phages Exploit the Conserved YaeT Protein To Disseminate Shiga Toxin Genes among Enterobacteria.

D. L. Smith, C. E. James, M. J. Sergeant, Y. Yaxian, J. R. Saunders, A. J. McCarthy, and H. E. Allison (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 7223-7233
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Molecular Characterization and Distribution of Genes Encoding Members of the Type III Effector NleA Family among Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains.

K. Creuzburg and H. Schmidt (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 2498-2507
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Improving comparability between microarray probe signals by thermodynamic intensity correction.

G. M. Bruun, R. Wernersson, A. S. Juncker, H. Willenbrock, and H. B. Nielsen (2007)
Nucleic Acids Res. 35, e48
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

SOS Regulation of the Type III Secretion System of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

J. L. Mellies, K. R. Haack, and D. C. Galligan (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 2863-2872
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Intimin Types Determined by Heteroduplex Mobility Assay of Intimin Gene (eae)-Positive Escherichia coli Strains.

K. Ito, M. Iida, M. Yamazaki, K. Moriya, S. Moroishi, J. Yatsuyanagi, T. Kurazono, N. Hiruta, and O.-A. Ratchtrachenchai (2007)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 45, 1038-1041
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Comparative Analysis of the Abilities of Shiga Toxins 1 and 2 To Bind to and Influence Neutrophil Apoptosis.

M. J. Flagler, J. E. Strasser, C. L. Chalk, and A. A. Weiss (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 760-765
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Design of a Seven-Genome Escherichia coli Microarray for Comparative Genomic Profiling.

H. Willenbrock, A. Petersen, C. Sekse, K. Kiil, Y. Wasteson, and D. W. Ussery (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 7713-7721
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Shiga Toxin 2-Producing Acinetobacter haemolyticus Associated with a Case of Bloody Diarrhea..

G. Grotiuz, A. Sirok, P. Gadea, G. Varela, and F. Schelotto (2006)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 3838-3841
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Active Genetic Elements Present in the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement in Escherichia coli O26 and Their Role in Mobility.

M. Muniesa, M. A. Schembri, N. Hauf, and T. Chakraborty (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 4190-4199
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Chromosomal Dynamism in Progeny of Outbreak-Related Sorbitol-Fermenting Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:NM..

M. Bielaszewska, R. Prager, W. Zhang, A. W. Friedrich, A. Mellmann, H. Tschape, and H. Karch (2006)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 72, 1900-1909
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Detection of toxB, a Plasmid Virulence Gene of Escherichia coli O157, in Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic E. coli.

R. Tozzoli, A. Caprioli, and S. Morabito (2005)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 4052-4056
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Genetic structure and chromosomal integration site of the cryptic prophage CP-1639 encoding Shiga toxin 1.

K. Creuzburg, B. Kohler, H. Hempel, P. Schreier, E. Jacobs, and H. Schmidt (2005)
Microbiology 151, 941-950
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Gene Transfer-Mediated Pre-mRNA Segmental Trans-splicing As a Strategy to Deliver Intracellular Toxins for Cancer Therapy.

K. Nakayama, R. G. Pergolizzi, and R. G. Crystal (2005)
Cancer Res. 65, 254-263
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Shedding Patterns of Verocytotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains in a Cohort of Calves and Their Dams on a Scottish Beef Farm.

D. J. Shaw, C. Jenkins, M. C. Pearce, T. Cheasty, G. J. Gunn, G. Dougan, H. R. Smith, M. E. J. Woolhouse, and G. Frankel (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 7456-7465
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Diversity and Host Range of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Phage.

S. D. Gamage, A. K. Patton, J. F. Hanson, and A. A. Weiss (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 7131-7139
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Purification and Characterization of the Repressor of the Shiga Toxin-Encoding Bacteriophage 933W: DNA Binding, Gene Regulation, and Autocleavage.

A. P. Koudelka, L. A. Hufnagel, and G. B. Koudelka (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 7659-7669
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Operator and Early Promoter Region of the Shiga Toxin Type 2-Encoding Bacteriophage 933W and Control of Toxin Expression.

J. S. Tyler, M. J. Mills, and D. I. Friedman (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 7670-7679
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Antibody Therapy in the Management of Shiga Toxin-Induced Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

S. Tzipori, A. Sheoran, D. Akiyoshi, A. Donohue-Rolfe, and H. Trachtman (2004)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 926-941
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Diversity of stx2 converting bacteriophages induced from Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle.

M. Muniesa, J. E. Blanco, M. de Simon, R. Serra-Moreno, A. R. Blanch, and J. Jofre (2004)
Microbiology 150, 2959-2971
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Escherichia coli Serogroup O107/O117 Lipopolysaccharide Binds and Neutralizes Shiga Toxin 2.

S. D. Gamage, C. M. McGannon, and A. A. Weiss (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 5506-5512
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Prevalence of the stx2 Gene in Coliform Populations from Aquatic Environments.

C. Garcia-Aljaro, M. Muniesa, J. Jofre, and A. R. Blanch (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 3535-3540
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Characterization of a Eukaryotic-Like Tyrosine Protein Kinase Expressed by the Shiga Toxin-Encoding Bacteriophage 933W.

J. S. Tyler and D. I. Friedman (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 3472-3479
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Subtyping of virulence genes in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) other than serogroup O157 associated with disease in the United Kingdom.

C. Jenkins, G. A. Willshaw, J. Evans, T. Cheasty, H. Chart, D. J. Shaw, G. Dougan, G. Frankel, and H. R. Smith (2003)
J. Med. Microbiol. 52, 941-947
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Shiga Toxin 2-Converting Bacteriophages Associated with Clonal Variability in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains of Human Origin Isolated from a Single Outbreak.

M. Muniesa, M. de Simon, G. Prats, D. Ferrer, H. Panella, and J. Jofre (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 4554-4562
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Genome Analysis of a Novel Shiga Toxin 1 (Stx1)-Converting Phage Which Is Closely Related to Stx2-Converting Phages but Not to Other Stx1-Converting Phages.

T. Sato, T. Shimizu, M. Watarai, M. Kobayashi, S. Kano, T. Hamabata, Y. Takeda, and S. Yamasaki (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 3966-3971
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Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli Can Contribute to the Production of Shiga Toxin.

S. D. Gamage, J. E. Strasser, C. L. Chalk, and A. A. Weiss (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 3107-3115
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A Mosaic Pathogenicity Island Made Up of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement and a Pathogenicity Island of Escherichiacoli O157:H7 Is Frequently Present in Attaching and Effacing E. coli.

S. Morabito, R. Tozzoli, E. Oswald, and A. Caprioli (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 3343-3348
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Comparison of Shiga Toxin Production by Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome-Associated and Bovine-Associated Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates.

J. M. Ritchie, P. L. Wagner, D. W. K. Acheson, and M. K. Waldor (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 1059-1066
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Genetic Diversity of Intimin Genes of Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Strains.

W. L. Zhang, B. Kohler, E. Oswald, L. Beutin, H. Karch, S. Morabito, A. Caprioli, S. Suerbaum, and H. Schmidt (2002)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 4486-4492
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Isolation from a sheep of an attaching and effacing Escherichia coli O115:H- with a novel combination of virulence factors.

A. L. COOKSON, C. M. HAYES, G. R. PEARSON, J. M. ROE, A. D. WALES, and M. J. WOODWARD (2002)
J. Med. Microbiol. 51, 1041-1049
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Helicobacter pylori Expresses an Autolytic Enzyme: Gene Identification, Cloning, and Theoretical Protein Structure.

E. Marsich, P. Zuccato, S. Rizzi, A. Vetere, E. Tonin, and S. Paoletti (2002)
J. Bacteriol. 184, 6270-6279
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One of Two Copies of the Gene for the Activatable Shiga Toxin Type 2d in Escherichia coli O91:H21 Strain B2F1 Is Associated with an Inducible Bacteriophage.

L. D. Teel, A. R. Melton-Celsa, C. K. Schmitt, and A. D. O'Brien (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 4282-4291
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

The Nucleotide Sequence of Shiga Toxin (Stx) 2e-Encoding Phage {phi}P27 Is Not Related to Other Stx Phage Genomes, but the Modular Genetic Structure Is Conserved.

J. Recktenwald and H. Schmidt (2002)
Infect. Immun. 70, 1896-1908
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Isolation of a Lysogenic Bacteriophage Carrying the stx1OX3 Gene, Which Is Closely Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Sheep and Humans.

C. Koch, S. Hertwig, R. Lurz, B. Appel, and L. Beutin (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 3992-3998
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Role of Genomic Typing in Taxonomy, Evolutionary Genetics, and Microbial Epidemiology.

A. van Belkum, M. Struelens, A. de Visser, H. Verbrugh, and M. Tibayrenc (2001)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14, 547-560
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Mosaic structure of Shiga-toxin-2-encoding phages isolated from Escherichia coli O157:H7 indicates frequent gene exchange between lambdoid phage genomes.

B. K. Johansen, Y. Wasteson, P. E. Granum, and S. Brynestad (2001)
Microbiology 147, 1929-1936
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H{-} Strains: Epidemiology, Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics, and Microbiological Diagnosis.

H. Karch and M. Bielaszewska (2001)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 2043-2049
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Role for a Phage Promoter in Shiga Toxin 2 Expression from a Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain.

P. L. Wagner, M. N. Neely, X. Zhang, D. W. K. Acheson, M. K. Waldor, and D. I. Friedman (2001)
J. Bacteriol. 183, 2081-2085
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Human Neutrophils and Their Products Induce Shiga Toxin Production by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

P. L. Wagner, D. W. K. Acheson, and M. K. Waldor (2001)
Infect. Immun. 69, 1934-1937
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Characterization of the Distal Tail Fiber Locus and Determination of the Receptor for Phage AR1, Which Specifically Infects Escherichia coli O157:H7.

S.-L. Yu, K.-L. Ko, C.-S. Chen, Y.-C. Chang, and W.-J. Syu (2000)
J. Bacteriol. 182, 5962-5968
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Virulence Genes from Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Other Enteric Bacteria.

S. Yaron, G. L. Kolling, L. Simon, and K. R. Matthews (2000)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 66, 4414-4420
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Characterization of a Shiga Toxin 2e-Converting Bacteriophage from an Escherichia coli Strain of Human Origin.

M. Muniesa, J. Recktenwald, M. Bielaszewska, H. Karch, and H. Schmidt (2000)
Infect. Immun. 68, 4850-4855
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Structural Analysis of Phage-Borne stx Genes and Their Flanking Sequences in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Strains.

A. Unkmeir and H. Schmidt (2000)
Infect. Immun. 68, 4856-4864
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Molecular Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26 Strains.

W.-L. Zhang, M. Bielaszewska, A. Liesegang, H. Tschäpe, H. Schmidt, M. Bitzan, and H. Karch (2000)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2134-2140
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Genotypic variations of Shiga toxin-converting phages from enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolates.

R. OSAWA, S. IYODA, S.-I. NAKAYAMA, A. WADA, S. YAMAI, and H. WATANABE (2000)
J. Med. Microbiol. 49, 565-574
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Identification and characterisation of Escherichia coli strains of O157 and non-O157 serogroups containing three distinct Shiga toxin genes.

S. FURST, J. SCHEEF, M. BIELASZEWSKA, H. RUSSMANN, H. SCHMIDT, and H. KARCH (2000)
J. Med. Microbiol. 49, 383-386
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Distribution of Core Oligosaccharide Types in Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli.

K. Amor, D. E. Heinrichs, E. Frirdich, K. Ziebell, R. P. Johnson, and C. Whitfield (2000)
Infect. Immun. 68, 1116-1124
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Comparative Survival of Free Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Phages and Escherichia coli Strains outside the Gut.

M. Muniesa, F. Lucena, and J. Jofre (1999)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 65, 5615-5618
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Isogenic Lysogens of Diverse Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Bacteriophages Produce Markedly Different Amounts of Shiga Toxin.

P. L. Wagner, D. W. K. Acheson, and M. K. Waldor (1999)
Infect. Immun. 67, 6710-6714
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

A Genomic Island, Termed High-Pathogenicity Island, Is Present in Certain Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Clonal Lineages.

H. Karch, S. Schubert, D. Zhang, W. Zhang, H. Schmidt, T. Olschlager, and J. Hacker (1999)
Infect. Immun. 67, 5994-6001
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Transduction of Enteric Escherichia coli Isolates with a Derivative of Shiga Toxin 2-Encoding Bacteriophage phi 3538 Isolated from Escherichia coli O157:H7.

H. Schmidt, M. Bielaszewska, and H. Karch (1999)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 65, 3855-3861
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Bacteriophages in the evolution of pathogen-host interactions.

E. A. Miao and S. I. Miller (1999)
PNAS 96, 9452-9454
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A High Incidence of Prophage Carriage among Natural Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

M. Ramirez, E. Severina, and A. Tomasz (1999)
J. Bacteriol. 181, 3618-3625
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Sequence of Shiga Toxin 2 Phage 933W from Escherichia coli O157:H7: Shiga Toxin as a Phage Late-Gene Product.

G. Plunkett III, D. J. Rose, T. J. Durfee, and F. R. Blattner (1999)
J. Bacteriol. 181, 1767-1778
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

PCR-based subtractive hybridization and differences in gene content among strains of Helicobacter pylori.

N. S. Akopyants, A. Fradkov, L. Diatchenko, J. E. Hill, P. D. Siebert, S. A. Lukyanov, E. D. Sverdlov, and D. E. Berg (1998)
PNAS 95, 13108-13113
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Identification and Characterization of a Newly Isolated Shiga Toxin 2-Converting Phage from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli.

M. Watarai, T. Sato, M. Kobayashi, T. Shimizu, S. Yamasaki, T. Tobe, C. Sasakawa, and Y. Takeda (1998)
Infect. Immun. 66, 4100-4107
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

In Vivo Transduction with Shiga Toxin 1-Encoding Phage.

D. W. K. Acheson, J. Reidl, X. Zhang, G. T. Keusch, J. J. Mekalanos, and M. K. Waldor (1998)
Infect. Immun. 66, 4496-4498
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections.

J. C. Paton and A. W. Paton (1998)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11, 450-479
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Abundance in Sewage of Bacteriophages That Infect Escherichia coli O157:H7 and That Carry the Shiga Toxin 2 Gene.

M. Muniesa and J. Jofre (1998)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 64, 2443-2448
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Construction and Characterization of an Isogenic slt-ii Deletion Mutant of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

F. Gunzer, U. Bohn, S. Fuchs, I. Muhldorfer, J. Hacker, S. Tzipori, and A. Donohue-Rolfe (1998)
Infect. Immun. 66, 2337-2341
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Enteroaggregative, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111:H2 Associated with an Outbreak of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.

S. Morabito, H. Karch, P. Mariani-Kurkdjian, H. Schmidt, F. Minelli, E. Bingen, and A. Caprioli (1998)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 840-842
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.

J. P. Nataro and J. B. Kaper (1998)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11, 142-201
 |  Abstract »  |  Full Text »  |  PDF »

Hemorrhagic Colitis With Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Preceding Adult Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

M. A. Neill, J. Agosti, and H. Rosen (1985)
Arch Intern Med 145, 2215-2217
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Cloning of Shiga-like toxin structural genes from a toxin converting phage of Escherichia coli.

J. Newland, N. Strockbine, S. Miller, A. O'Brien, and R. Holmes (1985)
Science 230, 179-181
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A is encoded by phage.

M. Betley and J. Mekalanos (1985)
Science 229, 185-187
 |  Abstract »  |  PDF »

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