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Science 27 July 1984:
Vol. 225. no. 4660, pp. 407 - 409
DOI: 10.1126/science.225.4660.407
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Articles

Acid Rain: Ionic Correlations in the Eastern United States, 1980-1981

EVILLE GORHAM 1, FRANK B. MARTIN 2, and JACK T. LITZAU 2

1 Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
2 Statistical Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108

Hydrogen ions in precipitation are correlated much more closely with sulfate than with nitrate, whereas ammonium ions are correlated more closely with nitrate than with sulfate. Target loadings of 14 to 16 kilograms of wet sulfate deposition per hectare per year, instead of 20 as suggested hitherto, are probably necessary to produce average pH values of 4.6 to 4.7, the approximate boundary levels for damage to aquatic ecosystems. Cluster analysis reveals that there are three linked groups of ions related to air pollution, agriculture, and sea spray.

Submitted on September 15, 1983
Accepted on December 14, 1983


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