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Science 28 January 1983:
Vol. 219. no. 4583, pp. 397 - 400
DOI: 10.1126/science.6681571
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Articles

Science, Vol 219, Issue 4583, 397-400
Copyright © 1983 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica

TJ Carew, RD Hawkins, and ER Kandel

The defensive siphon and gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia is a simple reflex mediated by a well-defined neural circuit. This reflex exhibits classical conditioning when a weak tactile stimulus to the siphon is used as a conditioned stimulus and a strong shock to the tail is used as an unconditioned stimulus. The siphon withdrawal component of this reflex can be differentially conditioned when stimuli applied to two different sites on the mantle skin (the mantle shelf and the siphon) are used as discriminative stimuli. The differential conditioning can be acquired in a single trial, is retained for more than 24 hours, and increases in strength with increased trials. Differential conditioning can also be produced within the field of innervation of a single cluster of sensory neurons (the LE cluster) since two separate sites on the siphon skin can serve as discriminative stimuli. The finding that two independent afferent inputs that activate a common set of interneurons and motor neurons can be differentially conditioned restricts the possible cellular loci involved in the associative learning.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Recruits Both NMDA Receptor-Dependent Enhancement and NMDA Receptor-Dependent Depression of the Reflex.
S. A. Jami, W. G. Wright, and D. L. Glanzman (2007)
J. Neurosci. 27, 3064-3068
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Associative memory in three aplysiids: Correlation with heterosynaptic modulation.
B. A. Hoover, H. Nguyen, L. Thompson, and W. G. Wright (2006)
Learn. Mem. 13, 820-826
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Molecular Mechanisms of Memory Storage in Aplysia.
R. D. Hawkins, E. R. Kandel, and C. H. Bailey (2006)
Biol. Bull. 210, 174-191
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Synaptic Facilitation and Behavioral Dishabituation in Aplysia: Dependence on Release of Ca2+ from Postsynaptic Intracellular Stores, Postsynaptic Exocytosis, and Modulation of Postsynaptic AMPA Receptor Efficacy.
Q. Li, A. C. Roberts, and D. L. Glanzman (2005)
J. Neurosci. 25, 5623-5637
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Multiple Serotonergic Mechanisms Contributing to Sensitization in Aplysia: Evidence of Diverse Serotonin Receptor Subtypes.
D. Barbas, L. DesGroseillers, V. F. Castellucci, T. J. Carew, and S. Marinesco (2003)
Learn. Mem. 10, 373-386
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The Contribution of Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity to Classical Conditioning in Aplysia.
I. Antonov, I. Antonova, E. R. Kandel, and R. D. Hawkins (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 6413-6422
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Selective Expression of Electrical Correlates of Differential Appetitive Classical Conditioning in a Feeding Network.
N. Jones, G. Kemenes, and P. R. Benjamin (2001)
J Neurophysiol 85, 89-97
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A novel function for serotonin-mediated short-term facilitation in Aplysia: Conversion of a transient, cell-wide homosynaptic Hebbian plasticity into a persistent, protein synthesis-independent synapse-specific enhancement.
C. H. Bailey, M. Giustetto, H. Zhu, M. Chen, and E. R. Kandel (2000)
PNAS 97, 11581-11586
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Switching Off and On of Synaptic Sites at Aplysia Sensorimotor Synapses.
S. Royer, R. L. Coulson, and M. Klein (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, 626-638
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Cellular Analog of Differential Classical Conditioning in Aplysia: Disruption by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovalerate.
G. G. Murphy and D. L. Glanzman (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 10595-10602
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Separate Effects of a Classical Conditioning Procedure on Respiratory Pumping, Swimming, and Inking in Aplysia fasciata.
M. Levy and A. J. Susswein (1999)
Learn. Mem. 6, 21-36
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Learning and the Sensorimotor Synapse in Aplysia.
R. D. Hawkins;, G. G. Murphy, and D. L. Glanzman; (1998)
Science 281, 619a-619
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Assaying for peptides in individual Aplysia neurons with mass spectrometry.
D. T. Chiu and R. N. Zare (1998)
PNAS 95, 3338-3340
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Involvement of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Mechanisms in a Cellular Analog of Classical Conditioning at Aplysia Sensory-Motor Neuron Synapses in Isolated Cell Culture.
J.-X. Bao, E. R. Kandel, and R. D. Hawkins (1998)
J. Neurosci. 18, 458-466
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Protein synthesis-dependent memory and neuronal enhancement in Hermissenda are contingent on parameters of training and retention..
R R Ramirez, C C Gandhi, I A Muzzio, and L D Matzel (1998)
Learn. Mem. 4, 462-477
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Mediation of Classical Conditioning in Aplysia californica by Long-Term Potentiation of Sensorimotor Synapses.
G. G. Murphy and D. L. Glanzman (1997)
Science 278, 467-471
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A Real-Time Neuronal Model of Classical Conditioning.
A. Mignault and A. A. J. Marley (1997)
Adaptive Behavior 6, 3-61
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Developmental Adaptation of Rat Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflexes after Neonatal Tendon Transfer.
H. Holmberg, J. Schouenborg, Y.-B. Yu, and H.-R. Weng (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 2071-2078
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Effect of Interstimulus Interval on Pairing-Induced LTP of Aplysia Sensorimotor Synapses in Cell Culture.
X. Y. Lin and D. L. Glanzman (1997)
J Neurophysiol 77, 667-674
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Pathway-Specific Synaptic Plasticity: Activity-Dependent Enhancement and Suppression of Long-Term Heterosynaptic Facilitation at Converging Inputs on a Single Target.
S. Schacher, F. Wu, and Z.-Y. Sun (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 597-606
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Mechanosensory Neurons Innervating Aplysia Siphon Encode Noxious Stimuli and Display Nociceptive Sensitization.
P. A. Illich and E. T. Walters (1997)
J. Neurosci. 17, 459-469
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Memory consolidation in Drosophila operant visual learning..
S Xia, L Liu, C Feng, and A Guo (1997)
Learn. Mem. 4, 205-218
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Activity-dependent enhancement of presynaptic facilitation provides a cellular mechanism for the temporal specificity of classical conditioning in Aplysia..
G A Clark, R D Hawkins, and E R Kandel (1994)
Learn. Mem. 1, 243-257
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Activity-dependent enhancement of presynaptic inhibition in Aplysia sensory neurons.
S. Small, E. Kandel, and R. Hawkins (1989)
Science 243, 1603-1606
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A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation.
R. Hawkins, T. Abrams, T. Carew, and E. Kandel (1983)
Science 219, 400-405
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Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)