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Science 21 May 1982:
Vol. 216. no. 4548, pp. 812 - 820
DOI: 10.1126/science.6177038
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Articles

Science, Vol 216, Issue 4548, 812-820
Copyright © 1982 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Form and function of retroviral proviruses

HE Varmus

Retroviruses have proved to be useful reagents for studying genetic and epigenetic (such as regulatory) changes in eukaryotic cells, for assessing functional and structural relationships between transposable genetic elements, for inducing insertional mutations, including some important in oncogenesis, and for transporting genes into eukaryotic cells, either after natural transduction of putative cellular oncogenes or after experimental construction of recombinant viruses. Many of these properties of retroviruses depend on their capacity to establish a DNA (proviral) form of their RNA genomes as a stable component of host chromosomes, in either somatic or germinal cells.


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Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family in various human tissues and cancer cells.
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A large-scale insertional mutagenesis screen in zebrafish.
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Isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the HERV-W family in primates.
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Differential Selection of Cells with Proviral c-myc and c-erbB Integrations after Avian Leukosis Virus Infection.
M. Gong, H. L. Semus, K. J. Bird, B. J. Stramer, and A. Ruddell (1998)
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Integration and germ-line transmission of a pseudotyped retroviral vector in zebrafish.
S Lin, N Gaiano, P Culp, J. Burns, T Friedmann, J. Yee, and N Hopkins (1994)
Science 265, 666-669
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Molecular analysis of reverse mutations from nonagouti (a) to black-and-tan (a(t)) and white-bellied agouti (Aw) reveals alternative forms of agouti transcripts..
S J Bultman, M L Klebig, E J Michaud, H O Sweet, M T Davisson, and R P Woychik (1994)
Genes & Dev. 8, 481-490
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Transcriptionally Defective Retroviruses Containing lacZ for the In Situ Detection of Endogenous Genes and Developmentally Regulated Chromatin.
W.G. Kerr, G.P. Nolan, A.T. Serafini, and L.A. Herzenberg (1989)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 54, 767-776
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The approaching era of the tumor suppressor genes.
G Klein (1987)
Science 238, 1539-1545
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Efficient packaging of readthrough RNA in ALV: implications for oncogene transduction.
S. Herman and J. Coffin (1987)
Science 236, 845-848
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The molecular genetics of cancer.
J. Bishop (1987)
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Nucleotide sequence of SRV-1, a type D simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome retrovirus.
M. Power, P. Marx, M. Bryant, M. Gardner, P. Barr, and P. Luciw (1986)
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Two elements in the bovine leukemia virus long terminal repeat that regulate gene expression.
D Derse and J. Casey (1986)
Science 231, 1437-1440
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Human fos Gene.
I.M. Verma, J. Deschamps, C. Van Beveren, and P. Sassone-Corsi (1986)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51, 949-958
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Gene Expression from a Transcriptionally Disabled Retroviral Vector.
J.-K. Yee, D.J. Jolly, J.C. Moores, J.G. Respess, and T. Friedmann (1986)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51, 1021-1026
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DNA elements are asymmetrically joined during the site-specific recombination of kappa immunoglobulin genes.
S Lewis, A Gifford, and D Baltimore (1985)
Science 228, 677-685
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Bovine leukemia virus long terminal repeat: a cell type-specific promoter.
D Derse, S. Caradonna, and J. Casey (1985)
Science 227, 317-320
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Molecular Analysis of the First Differentiations in the Mouse Embryo.
P. Brulet, P. Duprey, M. Vasseur, M. Kaghad, D. Morello, P. Blanchet, C. Babinet, H. Condamine, and F. Jacob (1985)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 50, 51-57
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Activation of the c-myb locus by viral insertional mutagenesis in plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas.
G. Shen-Ong, M Potter, J. Mushinski, S Lavu, and E. Reddy (1984)
Science 226, 1077-1080
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Prospects for human gene therapy.
W. Anderson (1984)
Science 226, 401-409
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Primary structure of v-raf: relatedness to the src family of oncogenes.
G. Mark and U. Rapp (1984)
Science 224, 285-289
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Molecular dissection of transcriptional control elements within the long terminal repeat of the retrovirus.
A Srinivasan, E. Reddy, C. Dunn, and S. Aaronson (1984)
Science 223, 286-289
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Expression of a cellular oncogene during liver regeneration.
M Goyette, C. Petropoulos, P. Shank, and N Fausto (1983)
Science 219, 510-512
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