Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 19 March 1982:
Vol. 215. no. 4539, pp. 1468 - 1474
DOI: 10.1126/science.7038875
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Science, Vol 215, Issue 4539, 1468-1474
Copyright © 1982 by American Association for the Advancement of Science

articles

Variation of influenza A, B, and C viruses

P Palese and JF Young

Influenza is caused by highly variable RNA viruses belonging to the orthomyxovirus group. These viruses are capable of constantly changing the genes coding for their surface proteins as well as for their nonsurface proteins. The mechanisms responsible for these changes in type A influenza viruses include recombination (reassortment) of genes among strains, deletions and insertions in genes, and, frequently, point mutations. In addition, old strains may reappear in the population. Influenza viruses of types B and C appear to vary to a lesser degree. The mechanisms responsible for changes in these viruses are not well characterized.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Hemagglutinin (HA) Proteins from H1 and H3 Serotypes of Influenza A Viruses Require Different Antigen Designs for the Induction of Optimal Protective Antibody Responses as Studied by Codon-Optimized HA DNA Vaccines.
S. Wang, J. Taaffe, C. Parker, A. Solorzano, H. Cao, A. Garcia-Sastre, and S. Lu (2006)
J. Virol. 80, 11628-11637
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The origin of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus: a continuing enigma.
A. H. Reid and J. K. Taubenberger (2003)
J. Gen. Virol. 84, 2285-2292
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Origin and Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes.
Y. Suzuki and M. Nei (2002)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 501-509
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Viral Escape by Selection of Cytotoxic T Cell-resistant Variants in Influenza A Virus Pneumonia.
G. E. Price, R. Ou, H. Jiang, L. Huang, and D. Moskophidis (2000)
J. Exp. Med. 191, 1853-1868
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Previously Unrecognized H-2Db-Restricted Peptide Prominent in the Primary Influenza A Virus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Response Is Much Less Apparent following Secondary Challenge.
G. T. Belz, W. Xie, J. D. Altman, and P. C. Doherty (2000)
J. Virol. 74, 3486-3493
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Independence of Evolutionary and Mutational Rates after Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to Swine.
J. Stech, X. Xiong, C. Scholtissek, and R. G. Webster (1999)
J. Virol. 73, 1878-1884
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Contribution of  Virus-specific CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells to Virus Clearance or Pathologic Manifestations of Influenza Virus Infection in a T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mouse Model.
D. Moskophidis and D. Kioussis (1998)
J. Exp. Med. 188, 223-232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Male-driven Molecular Evolution: A Model and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis.
T. Miyata, H. Hayashida, K. Kuma, K. Mitsuyasu, and T. Yasunaga (1987)
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 52, 863-867
   Abstract »    PDF »
Evolution of bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in dually infected mosquitoes (Aedes triseriatus).
B. Beaty, D. Sundin, L. Chandler, and D. Bishop (1985)
Science 230, 548-550
   Abstract »    PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)