Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.

Science 13 September 1974:
Vol. 185. no. 4155, pp. 949 - 951
DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4155.949
Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Articles

Menstrual Cycles: Fatness as a Determinant of Minimum Weight for Height Necessary for Their Maintenance or Onset

Rose E. Frisch 1 and Janet W. McArthur 2

1 Harvard Center for Population Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
2 Department of Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114

Weight loss causes loss of menstrual function (amenorrhea) and weight gain restores menstrual cycles. A minimal weight for height necessary for the onset of or the restoration of menstrual cycles in cases of primary or secondary amenorrhea due to undernutrition is indicated by an index of fatness of normal girls at menarche and at age 18 years, respectively. Amenorrheic patients of ages 16 years and over resume menstrual cycles after weight gain at a heavier weight for a particular height than is found at menarche. Girls become relatively and absolutely fatter from menarche to age 18 years. The data suggest that a minimum level of stored, easily mobilized energy is necessary for ovulation and menstrual cycles in the human female.


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Androgen Receptor Antagonism and an Insulin Sensitizer Block the Advancement of Vaginal Opening by High-Fat Diet in Mice.
D. S. Brill and S. M. Moenter (2009)
Biol Reprod 81, 1093-1098
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Direct Innervation of GnRH Neurons by Metabolic- and Sexual Odorant-Sensing Leptin Receptor Neurons in the Hypothalamic Ventral Premammillary Nucleus.
R. L. Leshan, G. W. Louis, Y.-H. Jo, C. J. Rhodes, H. Munzberg, and M. G. Myers Jr (2009)
J. Neurosci. 29, 3138-3147
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin at 14 y of age: an ongoing story.
J. M Friedman (2009)
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition 89, 973S-979S
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Developmental Programming: Excess Weight Gain Amplifies the Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Excess On Reproductive Cyclicity--Implication for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
T. L. Steckler, C. Herkimer, D. A. Dumesic, and V. Padmanabhan (2009)
Endocrinology 150, 1456-1465
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Age at Menarche and First Pregnancy Among Psychosocially At-Risk Adolescents.
J. Dunbar, J. Sheeder, D. Lezotte, D. Dabelea, and C. Stevens-Simon (2008)
Am J Public Health 98, 1822-1824
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Amenorrhea as a Diagnostic Criterion for Anorexia Nervosa: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Practice.
A. T. Smith and B. E. Wolfe (2008)
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 14, 209-215
   Abstract »    PDF »
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction.
J. W. Hill, J. K. Elmquist, and C. F. Elias (2008)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294, E827-E832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Cross-talk between estrogen and leptin signaling in the hypothalamus.
Q. Gao and T. L. Horvath (2008)
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294, E817-E826
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Physical Activity and Cancer.
L. Bernstein (2008)
Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book 2008, 225-231
   Full Text »    PDF »
Expression of Leptin and Adiponectin in the Rat Oviduct.
M. Archanco, J. Gomez-Ambrosi, M. Tena-Sempere, G. Fruhbeck, and M. A. Burrell (2007)
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55, 1027-1037
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Weight Status in Young Girls and the Onset of Puberty.
J. M. Lee, D. Appugliese, N. Kaciroti, R. F. Corwyn, R. H. Bradley, and J. C. Lumeng (2007)
Pediatrics 119, e624-e630
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Nutrition and reproduction in women.
The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2006)
Hum. Reprod. Update 12, 193-207
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Age at menarche and its influencing factors in North Korean female refugees.
S.-Y. Ku, J. W. Kang, H. Kim, Y. D. Kim, B. C. Jee, C. S. Suh, Y. M. Choi, J. G. Kim, S. Y. Moon, and S. H. Kim (2006)
Hum. Reprod. 21, 833-836
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons Immortalized Conditionally Are Activated by Insulin: Implication of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway.
R. Salvi, E. Castillo, M.-J. Voirol, M. Glauser, J.-P. Rey, R. C. Gaillard, P. Vollenweider, and F. P. Pralong (2006)
Endocrinology 147, 816-826
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Combined estrogen receptor {alpha} and estrogen receptor beta genotypes influence the age of menarche.
I. Stavrou, C. Zois, A. Chatzikyriakidou, I. Georgiou, and A. Tsatsoulis (2006)
Hum. Reprod. 21, 554-557
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delayed but Normally Progressed Puberty Is More Pronounced in Artistic Compared with Rhythmic Elite Gymnasts Due to the Intensity of Training.
A. Theodoropoulou, K. B. Markou, G. A. Vagenakis, D. Benardot, M. Leglise, G. Kourounis, A. G. Vagenakis, and N. A. Georgopoulos (2005)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 6022-6027
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Childhood Overweight and Maturational Timing in the Development of Adult Overweight and Fatness: The Newton Girls Study and Its Follow-up.
A. Must, E. N. Naumova, S. M. Phillips, M. Blum, B. Dawson-Hughes, and W. M. Rand (2005)
Pediatrics 116, 620-627
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The neuroendocrine timing of puberty.
F. J P Ebling (2005)
Reproduction 129, 675-683
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Twin Study for Serum Leptin, Soluble Leptin Receptor, and Free Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Pubertal Females.
H.-j. Li, C.-y. Ji, W. Wang, and Y.-h. Hu (2005)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 3659-3664
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System: A Critical Role in Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease From C. elegans to Humans.
D. Porte Jr., D. G. Baskin, and M. W. Schwartz (2005)
Diabetes 54, 1264-1276
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
How Obesity Causes Diabetes: Not a Tall Tale.
M. A. Lazar (2005)
Science 307, 373-375
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Neuroendocrinology of nutritional infertility.
G. N. Wade and J. E. Jones (2004)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 287, R1277-R1296
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Growth Patterns and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Women.
M. Ahlgren, M. Melbye, J. Wohlfahrt, and T. I. A. Sorensen (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1619-1626
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Recombinant Human Leptin in Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea.
C. K. Welt, J. L. Chan, J. Bullen, R. Murphy, P. Smith, A. M. DePaoli, A. Karalis, and C. S. Mantzoros (2004)
N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 987-997
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Growth and Skeletal Maturation in Male and Female Artistic Gymnasts.
N. A. Georgopoulos, A. Theodoropoulou, M. Leglise, A. G. Vagenakis, and K. B. Markou (2004)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 4377-4382
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Preservation of Neuroendocrine Control of Reproductive Function Despite Severe Undernutrition.
K. K. Miller, S. Grinspoon, S. Gleysteen, K. A. Grieco, J. Ciampa, J. Breu, D. B. Herzog, and A. Klibanski (2004)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 4434-4438
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Dietary-Induced Obesity and Hypothalamic Infertility in Female DBA/2J Mice.
D. V. Tortoriello, J. McMinn, and S. C. Chua (2004)
Endocrinology 145, 1238-1247
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Regulation of body fat content?.
G. N. Wade (2004)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 286, R14-R15
   Full Text »    PDF »
Is Obesity Associated With Early Sexual Maturation?.
Z. Laron and Y. Wang (2004)
Pediatrics 113, 171-172
   Full Text »    PDF »
Onset of puberty, menstrual frequency, and body fat in elite rhythmic gymnasts compared with normal controls.
P Klentrou and M Plyley (2003)
Br. J. Sports Med. 37, 490-494
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin Administration Increases Nocturnal Concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone and Growth Hormone in Juvenile Female Rhesus Monkeys.
M. E. Wilson, J. Fisher, K. Chikazawa, R. Yoda, A. Legendre, D. Mook, and K. G. Gould (2003)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 4874-4883
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion from Hypothalamic Neurons: Stimulation by Insulin and Potentiation by Leptin.
R. Burcelin, B. Thorens, M. Glauser, R. C. Gaillard, and F. P. Pralong (2003)
Endocrinology 144, 4484-4491
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Percent Body Fat at Age 5 Predicts Earlier Pubertal Development Among Girls at Age 9.
K. K. Davison, E. J. Susman, and L. L. Birch (2003)
Pediatrics 111, 815-821
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Relative Weight and Race Influence Average Age at Menarche: Results From Two Nationally Representative Surveys of US Girls Studied 25 Years Apart.
S. E. Anderson, G. E. Dallal, and A. Must (2003)
Pediatrics 111, 844-850
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Body Mass Index at Age 18 Years and during Adult Life and Ovarian Cancer Risk.
F. Lubin, A. Chetrit, L. S. Freedman, E. Alfandary, Y. Fishler, H. Nitzan, A. Zultan, and B. Modan (2003)
Am. J. Epidemiol. 157, 113-120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Is Obesity Associated With Early Sexual Maturation? A Comparison of the Association in American Boys Versus Girls.
Y. Wang (2002)
Pediatrics 110, 903-910
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Body Mass Index and Age at Menarche in an Adolescent Clinic Population.
K. Lin-Su, M. G. Vogiatzi, and M. I. New (2002)
Clinical Pediatrics 41, 501-507
   Abstract »    PDF »
Effect of Leptin Replacement on Pituitary Hormone Regulation in Patients with Severe Lipodystrophy.
E. A. Oral, E. Ruiz, A. Andewelt, N. Sebring, A. J. Wagner, A. M. Depaoli, and P. Gorden (2002)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87, 3110-3117
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Puberty in Female Mice Is Not Associated with Increases in Either Body Fat or Leptin.
F. H. Bronson (2001)
Endocrinology 142, 4758-4761
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Delayed puberty and response to testosterone in a rat model of colitis.
O. G. Azooz, M. J. G. Farthing, M. O. Savage, and A. B. Ballinger (2001)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 281, R1483-R1491
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Respiratory diseases in pregnancy {bullet} 4: Women with cystic fibrosis and their potential for reproduction.
F P Edenborough (2001)
Thorax 56, 649-655
   Full Text »    PDF »
Earlier Onset of Puberty in Girls: Relation to Increased Body Mass Index and Race.
P. B. Kaplowitz, E. J. Slora, R. C. Wasserman, S. E. Pedlow, and M. E. Herman-Giddens (2001)
Pediatrics 108, 347-353
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Pregnancy outcome in a patient with chronic malnutrition: Case report.
M.P. O'Connell, O.F. Wilson, E.A. Masson, and S.W. Lindow (2000)
Hum. Reprod. 15, 2443-2445
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Height and Weight Change Across Menarche of Schoolgirls With Early Menarche.
S.-H. Chang, S.-J. Tzeng, J.-Y. Cheng, and W.-C. Chie (2000)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 154, 880-884
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin and puberty.
P E CLAYTON and J A TRUEMAN (2000)
Arch. Dis. Child. 83, 1-4
   Full Text »
Rapid Maturation of the Reproductive Axis during Perimenarche Independent of Body Composition.
R. S. Legro, H. M. Lin, L. M. Demers, and T. Lloyd (2000)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 1021-1025
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Metabolic control of food intake and estrous cycles in Syrian hamsters. I. Plasma insulin and leptin.
J. E. Schneider, R. M. Blum, and G. N. Wade (2000)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 278, R476-R485
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotypic effects of leptin in an ectotherm: a new tool to study the evolution of life histories and endothermy?.
P. Niewiarowski, M. Balk, and R. Londraville (2000)
J. Exp. Biol. 203, 295-300
   Abstract »    PDF »
Early Childhood Nutrition, Education and Fertility Milestones in Guatemala.
U. Ramakrishnan, H. Barnhart, D. G. Schroeder, A. D. Stein, and R. Martorell (1999)
J. Nutr. 129, 2196-2202
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Estrogen and Leptin Have Differential Effects on FSH and LH Release in Female Rats.
A. Walczewska, W. H. Yu, S. Karanth, and S. M. McCann (1999)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 222, 170-177
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Amenorrheic Bone Loss.
K. K. Miller and A. Klibanski (1999)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 1775-1783
   Full Text »
The Role of Leptin in Human Obesity and Disease: A Review of Current Evidence.
C. S. Mantzoros (1999)
Ann Intern Med 130, 671-680
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin's Actions on the Reproductive Axis: Perspectives and Mechanisms.
M. J. Cunningham, D. K. Clifton, and R. A. Steiner (1999)
Biol Reprod 60, 216-222
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Maternal Nutritional Status Is Inversely Associated with Lactational Amenorrhea in Sub-Saharan Africa: Results from Demographic and Health Surveys II and III.
Y.-K. Peng, V. Hight-Laukaran, A. E. Peterson, and R. Pérez-Escamilla (1998)
J. Nutr. 128, 1672-1680
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Transdermal Testosterone Administration in Women with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Wasting: A Pilot Study.
K. Miller, C. Corcoran, C. Armstrong, K. Caramelli, E. Anderson, D. Cotton, N. Basgoz, L. Hirschhorn, R. Tuomala, D. Schoenfeld, et al. (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 2717-2725
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Leptin Levels in Children with Central Precocious Puberty.
M. R. Palmert, S. Radovick, and P. A. Boepple (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 2260-2265
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Genes Control the Cessation of a Woman's Reproductive Life: A Twin Study of Hysterectomy and Age at Menopause.
H. Snieder, A. J. MacGregor, and T. D. Spector (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 1875-1880
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Leptin and Puberty.
A. D. Rogol (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 1089-1090
   Full Text »
Synchronicity of frequently sampled, 24-h concentrations of circulating leptin, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol in healthy women.
J. Licinio, A. B. Negrao, C. Mantzoros, V. Kaklamani, M.-L. Wong, P. B. Bongiorno, A. Mulla, L. Cearnal, J. D. Veldhuis, J. S. Flier, et al. (1998)
PNAS 95, 2541-2546
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease.
W. H. Dietz (1998)
Pediatrics 101, 518-525
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Relevance to the Etiology of Obesity in Children.
M. Rosenbaum and R. L. Leibel (1998)
Pediatrics 101, 525-539
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Effects of Fasting on Neuroendocrine Function and Follicle Development in Lean Women.
R. Alvero, L. Kimzey, N. Sebring, J. Reynolds, M. Loughran, L. Nieman, and B. R. Olson (1998)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 76-80
   Abstract »    Full Text »
Expression of Functional Leptin Receptors in the Human Ovary.
C. Karlsson, K. Lindell, E. Svensson, C. Bergh, P. Lind, H. Billig, L. M. S. Carlsson, and B. Carlsson (1997)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 4144-4148
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin Is Inversely Related to Age at Menarche in Human Females.
V. Matkovic, J. Z. Ilich, M. Skugor, N. E. Badenhop, P. Goel, A. Clairmont, D. Klisovic, R. W. Nahhas, and J. D. Landoll (1997)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3239-3245
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Leptin and Clinical Medicine: A New Piece in the Puzzle of Obesity.
G. A. Bray and D. A. York (1997)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 2771-2776
   Full Text »    PDF »
A maternal diet high in n - 6 polyunsaturated fats alters mammary gland development, puberty onset, and breast cancer risk among female rat offspring.
L. Hilakivi-Clarke, R. Clarke, I. Onojafe, M. Raygada, E. Cho, and M. Lippman (1997)
PNAS 94, 9372-9377
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Obesity.
M. Rosenbaum, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch (1997)
N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 396-407
   Full Text »    PDF »
Resumption of Menses in Anorexia Nervosa-Reply.
T. J. Silber (1997)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151, 635
   Abstract »    PDF »
A 21-Year-Old Woman With Menstrual Irregularity.
A. Davis (1997)
JAMA 277, 1308-1314
   Abstract »    PDF »
Leptin Treatment Rescues the Sterility of Genetically Obese ob/ob Males.
K. Mounzih, R. Lu, and F. F. Chehab (1997)
Endocrinology 138, 1190-1193
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function.
W. H. Yu, M. Kimura, A. Walczewska, S. Karanth, and S. M. McCann (1997)
PNAS 94, 1023-1028
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Resumption of Menses in Anorexia Nervosa: New Research Findings and Their Clinical Implications.
T. J. Silber (1997)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151, 14-15
   Abstract »    PDF »
Resumption of Menses in Anorexia Nervosa.
N. H. Golden, M. S. Jacobson, J. Schebendach, M. V. Solanto, S. M. Hertz, and I. R. Shenker (1997)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151, 16-21
   Abstract »    PDF »
"Critical fat".
R. Frisch (1993)
Science 261, 1103-1104
   PDF »
Body Size and Composition of Perimenarchal Girls.
G. B. Forbes (1992)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 146, 63-66
   Abstract »    PDF »
Evaluation and Management of Menstrual Dysfunction in Athletes.
M. Shangold, R. W. Rebar, A. C. Wentz, and I. Schiff (1990)
JAMA 263, 1665-1669
   Abstract »    PDF »
Availability of metabolic fuels controls estrous cyclicity of Syrian hamsters.
J. Schneider and G. Wade (1989)
Science 244, 1326-1328
   Abstract »    PDF »
Institutionalized Disabled Adolescents: Gynecologic Care The Pediatrician's Role.
L. M. Furman (1989)
Clinical Pediatrics 28, 163-170
   Abstract »    PDF »
Menstrual irregularity and stress fractures in collegiate female distance runners.
G. W. Barrow and S. Saha (1988)
Am. J. Sports Med. 16, 209-216
   Abstract »    PDF »
High Serum Cortisol Levels in Exercise-Associated Amenorrhea.
J.-H. DING, C. B. SHECKTER, B. L. DRINKWATER, M. R. SOULES, and W. J. BREMNER (1988)
Ann Intern Med 108, 530-534
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Relationship of Mild Hirsutism or Acne in Women to Androgens.
S. B. Reingold and R. L. Rosenfield (1987)
Arch Dermatol 123, 209-212
   Abstract »    PDF »
Complications of Obesity.
G. A. BRAY (1985)
Ann Intern Med 103, 1052-1062
   Abstract »    PDF »
Menstrual Function and Bone Mass in Elite Women Distance Runners: Endocrine and Metabolic Features.
R. MARCUS, C. CANN, P. MADVIG, J. MINKOFF, M. GODDARD, M. BAYER, M. MARTIN, L. GAUDIANI, W. HASKELL, and H. GENANT (1985)
Ann Intern Med 102, 158-163
   Abstract »    PDF »
Growth and Sexual Development Before and After Sex Steroid Therapy in Patients With Thalassemia Major.
H. Landau, V. Gross, I. Dagan, Z. Palti, E. A. Rachmilewitz, and I. M. Spitz (1984)
Arch Intern Med 144, 2341-2346
   Abstract »    PDF »
Alcohol self-administration disrupts reproductive function in female macaque monkeys.
N. Mello, M. Bree, J. Mendelson, J Ellingboe, N. King, and P Sehgal (1983)
Science 221, 677-679
   Abstract »    PDF »
Malnutrition and fertility.
R. Frisch (1982)
Science 215, 1272-1274
   PDF »
Delayed Menarche and Amenorrhea of College Athletes in Relation to Age of Onset of Training.
R. E. Frisch, A. V. Gotz-Welbergen, J. W. McArthur, T. Albright, J. Witschi, B. Bullen, J. Birnholz, R. B. Reed, and H. Hermann (1981)
JAMA 246, 1559-1563
   Abstract »    PDF »
Factors Affecting the Fecundity and Fertility of Historical Populations: a Review.
P. T. Marcy (1981)
Journal of Family History 6, 309-326
   PDF »
Breast-Feeding Habits and Their Relation To Infant Mortality and Marital Fertility.
U.-B. Lithell (1981)
Journal of Family History 6, 182-194
   PDF »
Menarchal Determinants in Cystic Fibrosis.
T. Moshang and D. S. Holsclaw Jr (1980)
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 134, 1139-1142
   Abstract »    PDF »
Does malnutrition affect fecundity? A summary of evidence.
J Bongaarts (1980)
Science 208, 564-569
   Abstract »    PDF »
Difference Between Postpartum and Nutritional Amenorrhea.
S. L. HUFFMAN, A. K. M. A. CHOWDHURY, and W. H. MOSLEY (1979)
Science 203, 922-923
   PDF »
Anorexia Nervosa.
J. K. Burks, R. D. Wetzel, T. Hughes, W. A. Peck, and L. V. Avioli (1979)
Arch Intern Med 139, 352-354
   Abstract »    PDF »
Menarche and fatness: reexamination of the critical body composition hypothesis.
J Trussell (1978)
Science 200, 1506-1509
   PDF »
Menarche and Fatness: Reexamination of the Critical Body Composition Hypothesis.
R. E. FRISCH (1978)
Science 200, 1509-1513
   PDF »
Postpartum amenorrhea: how is it affected by maternal nutritional status?.
S. Huffman, A. Chowdhury, and W. Mosley (1978)
Science 200, 1155-1157
   Abstract »    PDF »
Population, food intake, and fertility. There is historical evidence for a direct effect of nutrition on reproductive ability..
R. E. Frisch (1978)
Science 199, 22-30
   PDF »
Relevance of demographic transition theory for developing countries.
M. Teitelbaum (1975)
Science 188, 420-425
   PDF »


To Advertise     Find Products

Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)