Related Content
Search Google Scholar for:
|
|
Science 5 August 1966: Vol. 153. no. 3736, pp. 652 - 654 DOI: 10.1126/science.153.3736.652
|
|
Articles
High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory
Saul Sternberg 1
1 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey
When subjects judge whether a test symbol is contained in a short memorized sequence of symbols, their mean reaction-time increases linearly with the length of the sequence. The linearity and slope of the function imply the existence of an internal serial-comparison process whose average rate is between 25 and 30 symbols per second.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
- A task-irrelevant stimulus attribute affects perception and short-term memory.
- J. Huang, M. J. Kahana, and R. Sekuler (2009)
Mem Cognit
37, 1088-1102
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Imaging Genetic Liability to Schizophrenia: Systematic Review of fMRI Studies of Patients' Nonpsychotic Relatives.
- A. W. MacDonald III, H. W. Thermenos, D. M. Barch, and L. J. Seidman (2009)
Schizophr Bull
35, 1142-1162
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Greater Working Memory Load Results in Greater Medial Temporal Activity at Retrieval.
- K. Schon, Y. T. Quiroz, M. E. Hasselmo, and C. E. Stern (2009)
Cereb Cortex
19, 2561-2571
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Psychological interpretation of the ex-Gaussian and shifted Wald parameters: A diffusion model analysis.
- D. Matzke and E.-J. Wagenmakers (2009)
Psychon Bull Rev
16, 798-817
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Neural Representations of Individual Stimuli in Humans Revealed by Gamma-Band Electrocorticographic Activity.
- J. Jacobs and M. J. Kahana (2009)
J. Neurosci.
29, 10203-10214
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Processing of order information for numbers and months.
- M. S. Franklin, J. Jonides, and E. E. Smith (2009)
Mem Cognit
37, 644-654
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Searching for Targets within the Spatial Layout of Visual Short-Term Memory.
- B.-C. Kuo, A. Rao, J. Lepsien, and A. C. Nobre (2009)
J. Neurosci.
29, 8032-8038
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Interacting Outcome Retrieval, Anticipation, and Feedback Processes in the Human Brain.
- N. D. Walsh and M. L. Phillips (2009)
Cereb Cortex
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The hippocampus supports encoding of between-domain associations within working memory.
- C. Piekema, R. P.C. Kessels, M. Rijpkema, and G. Fernandez (2009)
Learn. Mem.
16, 231-234
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Neural Suppression of Irrelevant Information Underlies Optimal Working Memory Performance.
- T. P. Zanto and A. Gazzaley (2009)
J. Neurosci.
29, 3059-3066
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The consequence of refreshing for access to nonselected items in young and older adults.
- J. A. Higgins and M. K. Johnson (2009)
Mem Cognit
37, 164-174
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Striatal Dopamine and Working Memory.
- S. M. Landau, R. Lal, J. P. O'Neil, S. Baker, and W. J. Jagust (2009)
Cereb Cortex
19, 445-454
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Brain-Performance Correlates of Working Memory Retrieval in Schizophrenia: A Cognitive Modeling Approach.
- G. G. Brown, G. McCarthy, A. Bischoff-Grethe, B. Ozyurt, D. Greve, S. G. Potkin, J. A. Turner, R. Notestine, V. D. Calhoun, J. M. Ford, et al. (2009)
Schizophr Bull
35, 32-46
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- A Genome-Wide Association Study of Schizophrenia Using Brain Activation as a Quantitative Phenotype.
- S. G. Potkin, J. A. Turner, G. Guffanti, A. Lakatos, J. H. Fallon, D. D. Nguyen, D. Mathalon, J. Ford, J. Lauriello, F. Macciardi, et al. (2009)
Schizophr Bull
35, 96-108
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Working memory and DLPFC inefficiency in schizophrenia: The FBIRN study.
- S. G. Potkin, J. A. Turner, G. G. Brown, G. McCarthy, D. N. Greve, G. H. Glover, D. S. Manoach, A. Belger, M. Diaz, C. G. Wible, et al. (2009)
Schizophr Bull
35, 19-31
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- CNTRICS Final Task Selection: Working Memory.
- D. M. Barch, M. G. Berman, R. Engle, J. H. Jones, J. Jonides, A. MacDonald III, D. E. Nee, T. S. Redick, and S. R. Sponheim (2009)
Schizophr Bull
35, 136-152
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- MTHFR 677C -> T genotype disrupts prefrontal function in schizophrenia through an interaction with COMT 158Val -> Met.
- J. L. Roffman, R. L. Gollub, V. D. Calhoun, T. H. Wassink, A. P. Weiss, B. C. Ho, T. White, V. P. Clark, J. Fries, N. C. Andreasen, et al. (2008)
PNAS
105, 17573-17578
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Memory and mood during the night and in the morning after repeated evening doses of MDMA.
- K. Kuypers, M. Wingen, and J. Ramaekers (2008)
J Psychopharmacol
22, 895-903
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- A Neural Coding Scheme Formed by the Combined Function of Gamma and Theta Oscillations.
- J. Lisman and G. Buzsaki (2008)
Schizophr Bull
34, 974-980
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Morphometric MRI Findings in the Thalamus and Brainstem in Children After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
- M. A. Fearing, E. D. Bigler, E. A. Wilde, J. L. Johnson, J. V. Hunter, Xiaoqi Li, G. Hanten, and H. S. Levin (2008)
J Child Neurol
23, 729-737
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Studying visual search using systems factorial methodology with target-distractor similarity as the factor.
- M. FIFIC, J. T. TOWNSEND, and A. EIDELS (2008)
Atten Percept Psychophys
70, 583-603
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Dopamine Depletion Impairs Frontostriatal Functional Connectivity during a Set-Shifting Task.
- A. Nagano-Saito, M. Leyton, O. Monchi, Y. K. Goldberg, Y. He, and A. Dagher (2008)
J. Neurosci.
28, 3697-3706
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- A Common Neural Network for Cognitive Reserve in Verbal and Object Working Memory in Young but not Old.
- Y. Stern, E. Zarahn, C. Habeck, R. Holtzer, B. C. Rakitin, A. Kumar, J. Flynn, J. Steffener, and T. Brown (2008)
Cereb Cortex
18, 959-967
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Recognition and position information in working memory for visual textures.
- Y. YOTSUMOTO, M. J. KAHANA, C. MCLAUGHLIN, and R. SEKULER (2008)
Mem Cognit
36, 282-294
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in presymptomatic Huntington's disease: evidence from event-related fMRI.
- R. C. Wolf, N. Vasic, C. Schonfeldt-Lecuona, G. B. Landwehrmeyer, and D. Ecker (2007)
Brain
130, 2845-2857
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system.
- T. E Hazy, M. J Frank, and R. C O'Reilly (2007)
Phil Trans R Soc B
362, 1601-1613
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- On the Centrality and Significance of Stimulus-Encoding Deficit in Schizophrenia.
- R. W. J. Neufeld (2007)
Schizophr Bull
33, 982-993
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Acute and subchronic effects of amitriptyline 25mg on actual driving in chronic neuropathic pain patients.
- D. S. Veldhuijzen, A. J.M. van Wijck, J. C. Verster, J. L. Kenemans, C. J. Kalkman, B. Olivier, and E. R. Volkerts (2006)
J Psychopharmacol
20, 782-788
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Theta Oscillations in Human Cortex During a Working-Memory Task: Evidence for Local Generators.
- S. Raghavachari, J. E. Lisman, M. Tully, J. R. Madsen, E. B. Bromfield, and M. J. Kahana (2006)
J Neurophysiol
95, 1630-1638
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Differential Anterior Prefrontal Activation during the Recognition Stage of a Spatial Working Memory Task.
- H.-C. Leung, J.C. Gore, and P.S. Goldman-Rakic (2005)
Cereb Cortex
15, 1742-1749
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Assessing Dysfunction Using Refined Cognitive Methods.
- J. Jonides and D. E. Nee (2005)
Schizophr Bull
31, 823-829
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Multi-item Working Memory -- A Behavioral Study.
- V. Yakovlev, A. Bernacchia, T. Orlov, S. Hochstein, and D. Amit (2005)
Cereb Cortex
15, 602-615
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Positive Evidence against Human Hippocampal Involvement in Working Memory Maintenance of Familiar Stimuli.
- E. Zarahn, B. Rakitin, D. Abela, J. Flynn, and Y. Stern (2005)
Cereb Cortex
15, 303-316
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Posterior fossa lesion volume and slowed information processing in multiple sclerosis.
- C. J. Archibald, X. Wei, J. N. Scott, C. J. Wallace, Y. Zhang, L. M. Metz, and J. R. Mitchell (2004)
Brain
127, 1526-1534
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- The Neurobiology of Category Learning.
- F. G. Ashby and B. J. Spiering (2004)
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev
3, 101-113
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Selective Effects of Acute Serotonin and Catecholamine Depletion on Memory in Healthy Women.
- B. J. Harrison, J. S. Olver, T. R. Norman, G. D. Burrows, K. A. Wesnes, and P. J. Nathan (2004)
J Psychopharmacol
18, 32-40
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Neurophysiological factors in human information processing capacity.
- N. F. Ramsey, J. M. Jansma, G. Jager, T. Van Raalten, and R. S. Kahn (2004)
Brain
127, 517-525
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Gamma Oscillations Correlate with Working Memory Load in Humans.
- M. W. Howard, D. S. Rizzuto, J. B. Caplan, J. R. Madsen, J. Lisman, R. Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, A. Schulze-Bonhage, and M. J. Kahana (2003)
Cereb Cortex
13, 1369-1374
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN CHAMPAGNE ON PSYCHOMETRIC PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD-ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION.
- F. Ridout, S. Gould, C. Nunes, and I. Hindmarch (2003)
Alcohol Alcohol.
38, 381-385
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Reset of human neocortical oscillations during a working memory task.
- D. S. Rizzuto, J. R. Madsen, E. B. Bromfield, A. Schulze-Bonhage, D. Seelig, R. Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, and M. J. Kahana (2003)
PNAS
100, 7931-7936
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Decoding Digit Symbol: Speed, Memory, and Visual Scanning.
- S. Joy, D. Fein, and E. Kaplan (2003)
Assessment
10, 56-65
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Audiospatial and Visuospatial Working Memory in 6-13 Year Old School Children.
- V. Vuontela, M.-R. Steenari, S. Carlson, J. Koivisto, M. Fjallberg, and E. T. Aronen (2003)
Learn. Mem.
10, 74-81
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease resolves after practice.
- D Z Press, D J Mechanic, D Tarsy, and D S Manoach (2002)
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
73, 524-528
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Lay Theories and Evaluation-Based Organization of Impressions: An Application of the Memory Search Paradigm.
- Y.-Y. Tong and C.-Y. Chiu (2002)
Pers Soc Psychol Bull
28, 1518-1527
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Oscillations in the Alpha Band (9-12 Hz) Increase with Memory Load during Retention in a Short-term Memory Task.
- O. Jensen, J. Gelfand, J. Kounios, and J. E. Lisman (2002)
Cereb Cortex
12, 877-882
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Psychoanatomical substrates of Balint's syndrome.
- M Rizzo and S P Vecera (2002)
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
72, 162-178
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Effects of Domain-specific Interference on Brain Activation Associated with Verbal Working Memory Task Performance.
- O. Gruber (2001)
Cereb Cortex
11, 1047-1055
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind.
- S. A. Bunge, K. N. Ochsner, J. E. Desmond, G. H. Glover, and J. D. E. Gabrieli (2001)
Brain
124, 2074-2086
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Test-Retest Reliability of a Functional MRI Working Memory Paradigm in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects.
- D. S. Manoach, E. F. Halpern, T. S. Kramer, Y. Chang, D. C. Goff, S. L. Rauch, D. N. Kennedy, and R. L. Gollub (2001)
Am J Psychiatry
158, 955-958
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Gating of Human Theta Oscillations by a Working Memory Task.
- S. Raghavachari, M. J. Kahana, D. S. Rizzuto, J. B. Caplan, M. P. Kirschen, B. Bourgeois, J. R. Madsen, and J. E. Lisman (2001)
J. Neurosci.
21, 3175-3183
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Multichannel Auditory Search: Toward Understanding Control Processes in Polychotic Auditory Listening.
- M. D. Lee (2001)
Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
43, 328-342
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Theta oscillations index human hippocampal activation during a working memory task.
- C. D. Tesche and J. Karhu (2000)
PNAS
97, 919-924
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Assessment of cognitive and psychological functions in patients with multiple sclerosis: considerations for databasing.
- W. W Beatty (1999)
Multiple Sclerosis
5, 239-243
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- A Placebo-Controlled Trial of D-Cycloserine Added to Conventional Neuroleptics in Patients With Schizophrenia.
- D. C. Goff, G. Tsai, J. Levitt, E. Amico, D. Manoach, D. A. Schoenfeld, D. L. Hayden, R. McCarley, and J. T. Coyle (1999)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
56, 21-27
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- An Oscillatory Short-Term Memory Buffer Model Can Account for Data on the Sternberg Task.
- O. Jensen and J. E. Lisman (1998)
J. Neurosci.
18, 10688-10699
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Perceptions of More Complete Musical Compositions: An Exploratory Study.
- W. L. Berz and A. E. Kelly (1998)
Psychology of Music
26, 175-185
| Abstract »
- Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory.
- E. E. Smith and J. Jonides (1998)
PNAS
95, 12061-12068
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Transition of Brain Activation from Frontal to Parietal Areas in Visuomotor Sequence Learning.
- K. Sakai, O. Hikosaka, S. Miyauchi, R. Takino, Y. Sasaki, and B. Putz (1998)
J. Neurosci.
18, 1827-1840
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Components of verbal working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging.
- E. E. Smith, J. Jonides, C. Marshuetz, and R. A. Koeppe (1998)
PNAS
95, 876-882
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Randomized Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Peptide T for HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment.
- P. N. R. Heseltine, K. Goodkin, J. H. Atkinson, B. Vitiello, J. Rochon, R. K. Heaton, E. M. Eaton, F. L. Wilkie, E. Sobel, S. J. Brown, et al. (1998)
Arch Neurol
55, 41-51
| Abstract »
| Full Text »
| PDF »
- Physiologically realistic formation of autoassociative memory in networks with theta/gamma oscillations: role of fast NMDA channels..
- O Jensen, M A Idiart, and J E Lisman (1996)
Learn. Mem.
3, 243-256
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Motor cortical activity in a context-recall task.
- G Pellizzer, P Sargent, and A. Georgopoulos (1995)
Science
269, 702-705
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Storage of 7 +/- 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles.
- J. Lisman and M. Idiart (1995)
Science
267, 1512-1515
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Plasma Cobalamin Levels Affect Information Processing Speed in a Longitudinal Study of HIV-1 Disease.
- G. Shor-Posner, R. Morgan, F. Wilkie, C. Eisdorfer, and M. K. Baum (1995)
Arch Neurol
52, 195-198
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Plasma Vitamin B12 Level as a Potential Cofactor in Studies of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1--Related Cognitive Changes.
- R. S. Beach, R. Morgan, F. Wilkie, E. Mantero-Atienza, N. Blaney, G. Shor-Posner, Y. Lu, C. Eisdorfer, and M. K. Baum (1992)
Arch Neurol
49, 501-506
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- A 'Stress' Test for Memory Dysfunction: Electrophysiologic Manifestations of Early Alzheimer's Disease.
- L. deToledo-Morrell, S. Evers, T. J. Hoeppner, F. Morrell, D. C. Garron, and J. H. Fox (1991)
Arch Neurol
48, 605-609
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- The Theory of Rational Choice, Its Shortcomings, and the Implications for Public Policy Decision Making.
- T. S. Ulen (1990)
Science Communication
12, 170-198
| Abstract »
- Carbamazepine-10,11-Epoxide in Epilepsy A Pilot Study.
- T. Tomson, O. Almkvist, B. Y. Nilsson, J.-O. Svensson, and L. Bertilsson (1990)
Arch Neurol
47, 888-892
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Cognition in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
- F. L. Wilkie, C. Eisdorfer, R. Morgan, D. A. Loewenstein, and J. Szapocznik (1990)
Arch Neurol
47, 433-440
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Leuko-Araiosis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Speed of Mental Processing.
- C. Junque, J. Pujol, P. Vendrell, O. Bruna, M. Jodar, J. C. Ribas, J. Vinas, A. Capdevila, and J. L. Marti-Vilalta (1990)
Arch Neurol
47, 151-156
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Memory Impairment in Patients With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.
- I. Litvan, J. Grafman, C. Gomez, and T. N. Chase (1989)
Arch Neurol
46, 765-767
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Slowed Information Processing in Multiple Sclerosis.
- I. Litvan, J. Grafman, P. Vendrell, and J. M. Martinez (1988)
Arch Neurol
45, 281-285
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- The Integrated Personality: Maximal Utilization of Information.
- R. S. Behrends (1986)
Journal of Humanistic Psychology
26, 27-59
| Abstract »
- Chapter 5: Cognitive Psychological Approaches to Instructional Task Analysis.
- M. K. Gardner (1985)
Review of Research in Education
12, 157-195
| PDF »
- Planning Skills and Mathematics Achievement: Implications Regarding Learning Disability.
- J. R. Kirby and A. F. Ashman (1984)
Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
2, 9-22
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Monkey and human pictorial memory scanning.
- S. Sands and A. Wright (1982)
Science
216, 1333-1334
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- The Development and Application of a Computerized Information-Processing Test Battery.
- G. V. Barrett, R. A. Alexander, D. Doverspike, D. Cellar, and J. C. Thomas (1982)
Applied Psychological Measurement
6, 13-29
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Cognitive Dysfunction and Imipramine in Outpatient Depressives.
- R. M. Glass, E. H. Uhlenhuth, F. W. Hartel, W. Matuzas, and M. W. Fischman (1981)
Arch Gen Psychiatry
38, 1048-1051
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Primate memory: retention of serial list items by a rhesus monkey.
- S. Sands and A. Wright (1980)
Science
209, 938-940
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Critical-path scheduling of mental processes in a dual task.
- R Schweickert (1980)
Science
209, 704-706
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentration.
- C. MacLeod, A. Dekabian, and E Hunt (1978)
Science
202, 1102-1104
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans.
- K. Davis, R. Mohs, Tinklenberg JR, A Pfefferbaum, L. Hollister, and B. Kopell (1978)
Science
201, 272-274
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Memory Retrieval from Long and Short Lists.
- D. Burrows and R. Okada (1975)
Science
188, 1031-1033
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Recognition Memory.
- A. V. Reed (1973)
Science
181, 574-576
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Evoked Potential Correlates of Signal Recognition between and within Modalities.
- J. M. Ford, W. T. Roth, S. J. Dirks, and B. S. Kopell (1973)
Science
181, 465-466
| Abstract »
| PDF »
- Target-Set and Response-Set Interaction: Implications for Models of Human Information Processing.
- H. Egeth, N. Marcus, and W. Bevan (1972)
Science
176, 1447-1448
| Abstract »
| PDF »
|
|