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Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans
Rebecca J. Garten,1,*C. Todd Davis,1,*Colin A. Russell,2,3Bo Shu,1Stephen Lindstrom,1Amanda Balish,1Wendy M. Sessions,1Xiyan Xu,1Eugene Skepner,2Varough Deyde,1Margaret Okomo-Adhiambo,1Larisa Gubareva,1John Barnes,1Catherine B. Smith,1Shannon L. Emery,1Michael J. Hillman,1Pierre Rivailler,1James Smagala,1Miranda de Graaf,2,4David F. Burke,2Ron A. M. Fouchier,4Claudia Pappas,1Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda,5Hugo López-Gatell,5Hiram Olivera,5Irma López,5Christopher A. Myers,6Dennis Faix,6Patrick J. Blair,6Cindy Yu,7Kimberly M. Keene,8P. David Dotson, Jr.,9David Boxrud,10Anthony R. Sambol,11Syed H. Abid,12Kirsten St. George,13Tammy Bannerman,14Amanda L. Moore,15David J. Stringer,16Patricia Blevins,17Gail J. Demmler-Harrison,18Michele Ginsberg,19Paula Kriner,20Steve Waterman,21Sandra Smole,22Hugo F. Guevara,23Edward A. Belongia,24Patricia A. Clark,25Sara T. Beatrice,26Ruben Donis,1Jacqueline Katz,1Lyn Finelli,1Carolyn B. Bridges,1Michael Shaw,1Daniel B. Jernigan,1Timothy M. Uyeki,1Derek J. Smith,2,3,4,Alexander I. Klimov,1Nancy J. Cox1,
Since its identification in April 2009, an A(H1N1) virus containinga unique combination of gene segments from both North Americanand Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans.The lack of similarity between the 2009 A(H1N1) virus and itsnearest relatives indicates that its gene segments have beencirculating undetected for an extended period. Its low geneticdiversity suggests that the introduction into humans was a singleevent or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markerspredictive of adaptation to humans are not currently presentin 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting that previously unrecognizedmolecular determinants could be responsible for the transmissionamong humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous andsimilar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinctfrom seasonal human A(H1N1).
1 WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. 2 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. 3 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. 4 Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, NL. 5 Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) Prolongación de Carpio, México, 11340 Mexico DF. 6 Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92152, USA. 7 Arizona State Public Health Laboratory, Phoeniz, AZ 85007, USA. 8 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO 80230, USA. 9 Indiana State Department of Health Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. 10 Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55164, USA. 11 Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. 12 Westchester County Department of Laboratories & Research Public Health Laboratories, Valhalla, NY 10595,USA. 13 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA. 14 Ohio Department of Health Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, USA. 15 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC 29223, USA. 16 Dallas County Health and Human Services, Dallas, TX 75207, USA. 17 San Antonio Metro Health District, Brooks City–Base, TX 78235, USA. 18 Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. 19 San Diego Public Health Laboratory, San Diego, CA 92186, USA. 20 Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA 92243, USA. 21 CDC Border Infectious Disease Surveillance Project, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. 22 William A. Hinton State Laboratory Institute, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA. 23 California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. 24 Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA. 25 Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI 48906, USA. 26 Public Health Laboratory, NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 10016, USA.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dsmith{at}zoo.cam.ac.uk (D.J.S.); njc1{at}cdc.gov (N.J.C.)
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