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Published Online July 24, 2008
Science
DOI: 10.1126/science.1158088
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Reports
Submitted on March 20, 2008
Accepted on July 10, 2008
The Metamorphosis of Supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: A Link Between Supernovae and GRBs/Hypernovae
Paolo A. Mazzali 1*, Stefano Valenti 2, Massimo Della Valle 3, Guido Chincarini 4, Daniel N. Sauer 5, Stefano Benetti 6, Elena Pian 7, Tsvi Piran 8, Valerio D’Elia 9, Nancy Elias-Rosa 5, Raffaella Margutti 10, Francesco Pasotti 10, L. Angelo Antonelli 9, Filomena Bufano 6, Sergio Campana 11, Enrico Cappellaro 6, Stefano Covino 11, Paolo D’Avanzo 11, Fabrizio Fiore 9, Dino Fugazza 11, Roberto Gilmozzi 12, Deborah Hunter 13, Kate Maguire 13, Elisabetta Maiorano 14, Paola Marziani 6, Nicola Masetti 14, Felix Mirabel 15, Hripsime Navasardyan 6, Ken’ichi Nomoto 16, Eliana Palazzi 14, Andrea Pastorello 13, Nino Panagia 17, L. J. Pellizza 18, Re’em Sari 8, Stephen Smartt 13, Gianpiero Tagliaferri 11, Masaomi Tanaka 19, Stefan Taubenberger 5, Nozomu Tominaga 19, Carrie Trundle 13, Massimo Turatto 20
1 Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell’Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy.; Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.; Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
2 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Maths and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
3 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Capodimonte Astronomical Observatory, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.; International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network, Piazzale della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy.
4 Department of Physics, Universita di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza delle Scienze 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), Italy.
5 Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
6 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell’Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy.
7 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OATs, Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
8 The Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
9 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome Astronomical Observatory, Via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
10 Department of Physics, Universita di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza delle Scienze 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy.
11 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Brera Astronomical Observatory, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), Italy.
12 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
13 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Maths and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
14 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
15 European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Santiago, Chile.
16 Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. ; Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan.
17 Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania Astronomical Observatory, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
18 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, C.C. 67, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
19 Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
20 Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Catania Astronomical Observatory, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Paolo A. Mazzali , E-mail: mazzali{at}mpa-garching.mpg.de
The only supernovae (SNe) to have shown early gamma-ray or x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several novel features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF); (ii) an early, narrow optical peak; (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe; and (iv) development of He lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal SN: Its explosion energy (E  6 x 1051 erg) and ejected mass (~7 M ) are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe. We derive that SN 2008D was originally a ~30 M star. When it collapsed, a black hole formed and a weak, mildly relativistic jet was produced, which caused the XRF. SN 2008D is probably among the weakest explosions that produce relativistic jets. Inner engine activity appears to be present whenever massive stars collapse to black holes.
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